智能船舶航行事故的刑法归责与教义展开  

Criminal Law Liability and Doctrine Development for Navigation Accidents of Intelligent Ships

作　　者：庞婧 PANG Jing(Law School,Dalian University,Dalian 116622,China)

机构地区：[1]大连大学法学院,辽宁大连116622

出　　处：《中国海商法研究》2024年第1期39-49,共11页Chinese Journal of Maritime Law

基　　金：2022年度辽宁省哲学社会科学青年人才培养对象委托课题“海洋强国背景下航运安全的刑法保护路径研究”(20221s1qnrcwtkt-03)。

摘　　要：尽管道路交通领域自动驾驶事故的刑法研究早已纳入学者的视野,但对于海陆空综合交通运输体系中以智能船舶为主体的航行事故可能引发的刑事责任问题一直缺乏必要的关注。智能船舶的逐级发展将导致船舶交通肇事刑事归责面临归责主体缺位、以船舶驾驶员为主体构建的避碰规范重新进行责任分配以及围绕以人为主体构建的过失犯罪理论体系的重构。控制支配位置、失效接管义务和人因干预范围是差异化操控模式下智能船舶刑事归责的技术基础。基于船舶智能系统自身不完全的控制能力以及经验积累产生的态势感知能力、决策能力决定了对其意思形成无法进行刑事非难。在具体的责任分配上,智能系统的生产者应当承担更多科技向善的注意义务;船端人员是自动化设备正常运营的监督者,自主程度较低的智能船舶仅允许其部分信赖自动化操作系统;在遥控与自控模式结合时,只有远程控制站的报警义务履行后,在船船员才具有接管船舶控制权的注意义务。Although the criminal law research on autonomous driving accidents in the field of road traffic has long been brought into the view of scholars,there has been a lack of necessary attention to the criminal liability issues that may arise from navigation accidents mainly involving intelligent ships in the comprehensive transportation system of sea,land,and air.The gradual development of intelligent ships will lead to three challenges to criminal liability for maritime traffic accidents,including absence of imputable subjects,re-allocation of responsibilities based on collision avoidance norms constructed by ship drivers,and re-construction of the theoretical system of negligent crimes constructed around human subjects.In this regard,controlling the dominant position,ineffective takeover obligations,and human intervention scope are the technical foundations for criminal liability of intelligent ships under differentiated control modes.Based on the incomplete control ability of the intelligent system of ships itself,as well as the situational awareness and decision-making ability generated by deep learning and experience accumulation,it is impossible to criminally criticize the formation of its behavior intentions.In terms of specific responsibility allocation,producers of intelligent systems should bear more attention obligations towards technological goodness,which can be further refined into design rationality obligations,usage reminder obligations,and fault warning obligations.Producers of intelligent systems or devices shall bear criminal responsibility for the crime of producing and selling products that do not meet safety standards,as a result of serious legal infringement caused by technical defects in the developed systems or devices;crew members on board are supervisors of the normal operation of automation equipment,and are only allowed to partially trust the automation operating system in intelligent ships with lower levels of autonomy;the shore-based operators of the remote control station should be the

关 键 词：智能船舶 航行事故 接管义务 信赖原则 

分 类 号：D923.4[政治法律—民商法学]