洱海流域有机肥全量替代化肥满足水稻氮素营养并减少土壤气态活性氮排放  

Total organic fertilizer substitution of nitrogen fertilizer in Erhai watershed can satisfy rice nitrogen nutrition and reduce gaseous reactive nitrogen emission in paddy fields

作　　者：吴茜虞 雷宝坤[2] 徐卓颖 续勇波[3] 李孙宁 WU Xi-yu;LEI Bao-kun;XU Zhuo-ying;XU Yong-bo;LI Sun-ning(College of Resources and Environment,Yunnan Agricultural University,Kunming,Yunnan 650201,China;Institute of Environment and Resources,Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Kunming,Yunnan 650200,China;Tobacco College,Yunnan Agricultural University,Kunming,Yunnan 650201,China)

机构地区：[1]云南农业大学资源与环境学院,云南昆明650201 [2]云南省农业科学院环境资源研究所,云南昆明650200 [3]云南农业大学烟草学院,云南昆明650201

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2024年第2期252-267,共16页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(32160758);云南省中青年学术和技术带头人后备人才项目(202005AC160043);国家自然科学基金(31960635);云南省重大科技计划项目(202102AE090011);产业技术领军人才专项(2019)。

摘　　要：【目的】洱海流域是云南重要的水资源和生态屏障,为治理和防止水体富营养化,近年来推广了全面禁用化肥、推广有机肥的措施。研究该流域代表性有机肥资源(绿肥、牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪)全量替代化肥对水稻氮素利用及稻田气态活性氮排放的影响,从减排增效角度探讨粪肥、绿肥全量替代化肥的环境可行性。【方法】于2021—2022年在云南省大理市开展了两年两季水稻田间试验。共设置6个处理:不施肥对照(CK),绿肥(GM)、牛粪(CD)、猪粪(PM)、鸡粪(CM)全量替代化肥和单施等氮量化肥(CF)处理。从施肥后第1天起,按照检测方法要求的频率,采用田间原位密闭室间歇抽气-酸碱滴定法监测稻田氨挥发,同时测定田面水中全氮和可溶性有机氮含量。每次施肥后采用田间原位静态暗箱-气象色谱法监测稻田N_(2)O排放。水稻收获后测产,并分析水稻植株和籽粒氮素吸收量。【结果】综合两年数据来看,CM、GM和PM处理水稻产量、地上部氮素累积量和氮肥回收利用率与CF处理无显著差异,说明绿肥、猪粪和鸡粪全量替代化肥均能保障水稻产量、地上部氮素累积量和氮肥回收利用率。与CF相比,2021和2022年3个有机肥全量替代化肥处理分别降低稻田NH_(3)挥发速率65.15%~85.61%和91.51%~96.25%,减少稻田NH_(3)累积挥发量89.81%~96.04%和97.19%~98.72%,降低NH_(3)挥发损失率89.81%~96.04%和97.15%~98.79%。有机肥全量替代化肥处理稻田N_(2)O累积排放量较CF处理减少了56.21%~72.39%(P<0.05)。【结论】绿肥、猪粪和鸡粪全量替代化肥能在保障水稻产量、地上部氮素累积量和氮肥回收利用率的同时,显著减少稻田NH_(3)挥发和N_(2)O排放,是减排增效的环保型施肥措施。【Objectives】Erhai watershed is an important water resource and ecological threshold of Yunnan Province.The chemical nitrogen fertilizer has been prohibited and application of organic fertilizer are promoted for conservation of water quality.We studied the feasibility of complete substitution of chemical fertilizers with organic resources in rice production of th area.【Methods】A rice field experiment was conducted for two years(two season)in Dali Autonomous Prefecture,Yunnan Province from 2021 to 2022.Chemical fertilizer N rate was used as control amount(CF),and green manure(GM),cow dung(CD),pig manure(PM),and chicken manure(CM)were applied in equal N amount.Ammonia volatilization in rice fields were monitored since the first day of fertilization using intermittent air sampling-acid-base titration in situ method,and the total N and dissolved organic N in the surface water were measured at the same time.N_(2)O emissions were monitored using the static dark box-meteorological chromatography in situ method.At harvest,rice yield and nitrogen accumulation were analyzed.【Results】Based on two years of data,the four organic substitution treatments were recorded similar rice yield,aboveground N accumulation,and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency with CF treatment.Compared with CF in 2021 and 2022,the organic fertilizer treatments reduced the NH_(3)volatilization rate by 65.15%−85.61%,and 91.51%−96.25%,decreased cumulative NH_(3)volatilization by 89.81%−96.04%,and 97.19%−98.72%,and reduced NH_(3)volatilization loss by 89.81%−96.04%,and 97.15%−98.79%.The organic fertilizer substituting treatments reduced 56.21%−72.39%of total N_(2)O emissions than CF.【Conclusions】Complete substitution of chemical fertilizer with local organic fertilizers can ensure the nitrogen nutrition rerquirement and yield of rice,reduce NH_(3)volatilization and N_(2)O emissions significantly,indicating the feasibility of complete organic fertilizer substitution in both rice production efficiency and the reduction of

关 键 词：粪肥 绿肥 气态活性氮 氮素利用率 稻田 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]