吐蕃时期苯教理论化程度考辨  

Discussion on the Degree of Theorization of Bon Religion in the Tubo Period

作　　者：尕藏扎西 sKal-bzangbKra-shis

机构地区：[1]青海省委党校民族宗教学教研部,西宁810001

出　　处：《中国藏学》2023年第6期10-19,212,213,共12页China Tibetology

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“喜饶嘉措大师名著‘龙树中论奥义略论无畏狮子吼’翻译与研究”(项目编号:22BZJ030)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：随着敦煌藏文文献研究的深入推进,其中涉及苯教内容的写卷为我们重新理解吐蕃时期的苯教形态及其理论化程度提供了新的线索。文章认为,敦煌有关文献所呈现的辛饶弥沃只是一名普通的“辛波”(巫觋),而斯巴苯教的内容无外乎是上祭神灵、下镇鬼怪、祛病禳灾、占卜解难以及超荐亡灵。《旧唐书》《北史》《隋书》《通志》等汉文史书中关于吐蕃宗教形态的记载,基本上与敦煌藏文文书之记载相吻合,即“重鬼右巫”“多信巫觋”是这一时期吐蕃民间信仰的主要特征。公元8世纪时发生的“佛苯之争”可谓是破解吐蕃时期苯教理论化程度谜底的一把钥匙。在“佛苯之争”中,并未再现“吐蕃僧诤”那般基于经典哲理的论辩,双方的博弈以施展法术的方式开展,可见当时的苯教尚无教义体系,而仅停留在仪式仪轨层面。“佛苯之争”后,苯教徒迫于现实压力,藉由“译苯”构建雍仲苯教理论体系,开始形成有别于斯巴苯教的另一支传承脉络。及至11世纪,辛钦鲁噶将“译苯”进程推向顶峰,促成苯教大藏经的主干架构。可见,苯教的发展经历了从“巫”到“宗教”的漫长过渡历程。With the deepening of the study of Tibetan manuscripts from Dunhuang,the writing scrolls involving Bon religion provide new clues for us to re-understanding the form and degree of theorization of Bon religion in the Tubo period.gShen-rab Mi-po presented in Dunhuang manuscripts is just an ordinary"gShen-po"(wizard).The content of Srid-pa Bon is nothing more than offering sacrifices to gods of mountains,exorcising the ghost,eliminating illness and so on.The records of Tibetan religious forms in the Chinese historical books are basically consistent with those in the Dunhuang Tibetan documents,that is,Shaman was the main characteristics of Tibetan folk beliefs in that period.The debate between Buddhism and Bon is a key to solving the riddle of the degree of theorization of Bon religion in the Tubo period.It did not reproduce the debate based on classic philosophy like the bSam-yas Debate,and the competition between the two sides was carried out in the way of magic,which shows that there was no doctrine system of Bon at that time,but only at the level of ritual.After the debate between Buddhism and Bon,the followers of Bon were forced by the realistic pressure to construct the theoretical system of g.Yung-drung Bon through the way of translation.By the 1lth century,gShen-chen Klu-dga brought the process of bsGyur Bon to a peak,contributing to the backbone structure of the Bon canon.The development of Bon has experienced a long transition from Shaman to"religion".

关 键 词：吐蕃 宗教形态 苯教 辛钦鲁噶 

分 类 号：B920[哲学宗教—宗教学]