《土地神广经》中的汉藏文化交流研究  

A Study of the Han-Tibetan Cultural Exchanges in the Sa bdag vbum

作　　者：吉西次力 vJigs-byed Tshe-ring

机构地区：[1]兰州大学西北少数民族研究中心,兰州730000

出　　处：《中国藏学》2023年第6期28-36,213,214,共11页China Tibetology

基　　金：2016年度兰州大学科研创新团队培育项目“苯教古籍文献精选本整理及其数字化建设”(项目编号:16LZUJBWTD011)阶段性成果;2016年度兰州大学“中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金”项目(项目编号:16LZUJBWZD009)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：土地神在藏语中叫“萨达”(■),与“念”(■)、“鲁”(■)、“赞”(■)等是青藏高原本土的神灵。藏族文化传统中认为动土翻石、砍伐树木、污染水源、建房立柱等皆是触犯土地神的行为,会招来危害,因此在长期的生产实践中产生了各种禳解“土地神”危害的仪轨。民间祭司“莱坞”家藏的手抄经文《土地神广经》(■)为系统讲述土地神族系、分类、形象、功能、危害和禳解方法的仪式文本,其中列举的“土地神”种类庞杂、形象各异,掌管的领域非常宽广,从天地的形成、人类的繁衍、动物的生死、植物的生长,到瘟疫、地震、冰雹等。通过分析内容可知,其文本在形成过程中杂糅了当地文化、中原文化和印度文化,尤其是中原的五行占算是文本的核心内容。禳解土地神危害的仪式文本多托名为“孔子神变王”(■)所著,学者认为“孔子神变王”的原型是儒家先师孔子,佛苯都将五行占算和禳解术归入其名下,也从侧面表明了与中原文化的密切联系。文章从汉藏文化交流的视阈出发,分析和考证了藏族民间拥有深厚信仰基础的土地神文本中的中原文化因素,以此阐释汉藏文化间交往交流交融的密切关系。The land deity known as Sa bdag in the Tibetan language is one of the indigenous spirits of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,along with gNyan,Klu,bTsan and others.Within Tibetan cultural traditions,it is believed that activities such as digging the earth,cutting down trees,polluting water sources,and constructing buildings and pillars are regarded as offenses against the deity of the land,which can attract harm.Consequently,various rituals and practices have evolved over time to pacify and mitigate the potential harm caused by the"deity of the land."One such ritual text,the handwritten scripture titled vPhen yul rgyas pa sa bdag vbum gyis dbu bzhugs s+ho(The Extensive Sutra of the Deity of the Land)preserved by the folk priest Levu,serves as a comprehensive ceremonial text providing a systematic account of the lineage,classification,imagery,functions,harms,and methods of pacification related to the deity of the land.The text enumerates a vast array of land deities with diverse forms and attributes,each governing a broad range of domains.These domains encompass aspects such as the heavens and the earth,human procreation,animal life cycles,plant growth,as well as afflictions like epidemics,earthquakes,and hailstorms,all of which are interconnected with these deities.Through an analysis of the contents,it becomes evident that the formation of this text on the deity of the land amalgamates elements from local Tibetan culture,Indian culture,and Central Plains culture,particularly incorporating the core content of Central Plains'Five Elements divination.Ritual texts aimed at pacifying the harms caused by the deity of the land are often attributed to the work of Kong-tse vPhrul-rgyal,which scholars believe is based on the prototype of Confucius from the Central Plains.Buddhist and Bon religious traditions also ascribe the practices of Five Elements divination and pacification rituals to him,implying a close connection with Central Plains culture.Approaching from the perspective of Han-Tibetan cultural exchange,this article ana

关 键 词：《土地神广经》 五行 将军 四灵 汉藏文化交流 

分 类 号：G255.9[文化科学—图书馆学]