“断裂”与“弥补”:赖希和弗洛姆对法西斯主义的意识形态批判  

“Rupture” and “Remedy”: Reich and Fromm’s Ideological Criticism of Fascism

作　　者：殷张晴 YIN Zhangqing(School of Philosophy,Central South University of Economics and Law,Wuhan 430073,China)

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学哲学院,湖北武汉430073

出　　处：《江苏海洋大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2024年第2期40-49,共10页Journal of Jiangsu Ocean University（Humanities & Social Sciences Edition）

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目(22AZD090)。

摘　　要：面对法西斯主义的上台、庸俗的马克思主义的“破产”,作为弗洛伊德主义马克思主义的主要代表赖希和弗洛姆认为,经济基础与意识形态之间存在“断裂”。为了弥补“断裂”并消灭法西斯主义,赖希和弗洛姆继承了西方马克思主义的主体性原则,改造了弗洛伊德的精神分析学,将性格结构作为“历史的主观因素”用来分析法西斯主义产生的原因,从而实现了马克思主义与精神分析学的结合,为马克思主义提供了新颖的心理分析视角。然而,虽然他们都强调用精神分析学补充马克思主义,但是在具体的革命战略上,他们依然将心理原因视为法西斯主义产生的根源,这就存在偏离历史唯物主义、夸大意识形态等主观因素作用的理论缺陷,从而注定了他们的文化心理解放的革命战略是一个充满了主观主义和浪漫主义色彩的乌托邦幻想。Faced with the rise of fascism and the“bankruptcy”of vulgar Marxism,as the main representatives of Freudian Marxism,Reich and Fromm believed that there was a“rupture”between economic foundation and ideology.In order to make up for the“rupture”and eliminate fascism,Reich and Fromm inherited the subjectivity principle of Western Marxism,reformed Freud’s psychoanalysis,and used personality structure as a“subjective factor of history”to analyze the reasons for the emergence of fascism,thus achieving the combination of Marxism and psychoanalysis,providing a new psychoanalytic perspective for Marxism.However,although they all emphasized supplementing Marxism with psychoanalysis,in terms of specific revolutionary strategies,they still regarded psychological reasons as the root of fascism,which resulted in theoretical flaws that deviated from subjective factors such as historical materialism and exaggerated ideology.As a result,their revolutionary strategy for cultural and psychological liberation was destined to be a utopian fantasy full of subjectivism and romanticism.

关 键 词：唯物史观 马克思主义 精神分析学 心理结构 

分 类 号：B089.1[哲学宗教—哲学理论]