内圣外王的期盼:中国古代君德论及其特征  

The Expectation of“Inner Sage and Outer King”:Ancient Chinese Monarchical Moral Cultivation Theory and Its Characteristics

作　　者：王记录[1] 刘饶[1] Wang Jilu;Liu Rao(Henan Normal University,Xinxiang 453007,China)

机构地区：[1]河南师范大学教育学部/历史文化学院,河南新乡453007

出　　处：《河南师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第2期98-107,共10页Journal of Henan Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：河南省高等学校哲学社会科学基础研究重大项目(2022-JCZD-14)。

摘　　要：中国古代君德论起源于殷周,发展于两汉,兴盛于唐,繁荣于两宋,变革于明末清初,一脉相承而内容不断丰富。君德的内容包含了君主的德性、器识、才智、能力等诸多因素,主要体现在君主个人修养以及施政过程中如何处理君臣关系、君民关系等方面。完善君德的方式主要有经筵讲读、皇储教育、家训教化、大臣谏诤、史书褒贬。古代君德论特征鲜明,君主地位的尊崇、历史的教训与现实的需要是君德论的起点,儒家“修齐治平”“内圣外王”理论是君德论的思想基础,读经观史,以经为则、以史为鉴是完善君德的重要手段,“致君尧舜”是君德修养的重点。古人已经形成了一套围绕君主而展开的关于君德修养的理论体系。同时也要看到,古人讨论君德,既存在“师道”与“君道”之间无法调和的矛盾,也没有进行制度层面的反思,反映的只是一种泛道德化的政治伦理观。The ancient Chinese theory of monarch’s moral cultivation(Jun De Lun)originated in the Yin and Zhou periods,developed during the Han and Tang dynasties,flourished in the Song and Yuan dynasties,and underwent transformation during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.It maintained a consistent lineage while continually enriching its content.The essence of Jun De includes various factors such as the monarch’s moral character,intellectual capabilities,wisdom,and governing abilities.It is primarily reflected in the personal cultivation of the monarch and how they handle relationships with ministers and subjects during the governance process.Methods for perfecting Jun De include lecturing on imperial lecterns,educating the heir apparent,family teachings,ministerial admonishments,and evaluations in historical records.The distinct features of ancient Jun De theory include the reverence for the monarch’s status,lessons from history,and addressing contemporary needs.The Confucian principles of“cultivating oneself and bringing peace to the nation”and the theory of“inner sage and outer king”serve as the ideological foundation for Jun De.Reading classics,observing history,using classics as standards,and learning from history are essential means for perfecting Jun De,with“emulating Yao and Shun”considered a focal point in the cultivation of virtues.The ancients established a theoretical system surrounding the monarch’s cultivation of virtues.However,it should be noted that discussions on Jun De in ancient times faced an irreconcilable contradiction between“Moral Authority”and“Government Orthodoxy.”Additionally,there was a lack of reflection on the institutional level,reflecting only an ethically generalized political ethos.

关 键 词：君德论 君主修养 帝王学 内圣外王 历史教育 

分 类 号：K03[历史地理—历史学]