清代郊坛升配礼考论  

Offering Sacrifices to Imperial Ancestors at Suburban Altars

作　　者：陈晨 Chen Chen(College of Humanities,Donghua University)

机构地区：[1]东华大学人文学院,上海200051

出　　处：《清史研究》2024年第2期75-87,共13页The Qing History Journal

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助成果(2232022E-01)。

摘　　要：明清易代后,清廷在参酌明代旧制的基础上,渐次确立郊坛升配之礼。顺治后期内祭配天的兴革与康熙初祈谷配位的存废均伴随着满汉政治文化传统的竞争与消长,反映出清初郊坛升配礼的曲折反复。康熙年间的郊坛升配礼既渐次回归儒家传统,又折中古礼与时宜以建立新的本朝礼制,形成了圜丘、方泽与祈谷三坛并配的模式与代代配祀的传统,此后历代遵行,较少更张。但代代升配与帝系绵延的矛盾使晚清的郊坛升配陷入困局,咸丰、同治年间围绕升配的礼仪之争,实际上是“尊亲”与“继志”两条孝治路线之争,清廷最终选择停止升配,维持三祖五宗的郊坛配位格局。Based on the Ming institutional legacy,the Qing dynasty gradually established a ritual system for offering sacrifices to imperial ancestors at suburban temples(郊坛)after the Ming-Qing transition.Disputes over the creation and reform of rites and altar positions for heaven and lateral positions for dynastic ancestors during Prayers for Grain from the late Shunzhi to the early Kangxi reign followed the course of the competition over political-cultural tradition between Manchu and Han and revealed the tortuous evolution of suburban altar rites in the early Qing.During the Kangxi reign,the sacrificial rites at suburban altars gradually inclined toward Confucian tradition,but also combined ancient and contemporary rituals,and thus comprised a new,distinctive form.The sacrificial rites performed at the Round Altar(圜丘),Square Altar(方泽)and Prayer for Grain Altar(祈谷)were firmly in place in the Kangxi reign,and successive generations followed this model with few changes.However,the court fell into dilemma over the rituals that resulted from the contradiction between the generational promotion and the continuity of the imperial line in the late Qing.The controversy over rites during Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns,was a dispute between two political courses for showing respect to ancestors and succeeding ancestors’political legacy.At last,the Qing court stopped this rite and maintained the established pattern of worship.

关 键 词：清代 郊坛 升配 国家祭祀 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]