茶树喷灌防霜中植株储水/冰量动态变化与影响因素研究  

Variation and Influencing Factors of Water/Ice Storage within Tea Plant during Frost Protection Sprinkling

作　　者：潘庆民 鹿永宗 张志 金矿 宋佳伟 胡永光[1] PAN Qingmin;LU Yongzong;ZHANG Zhi;JIN Kuang;SONG Jiawei;HU Yongguang(School of Agricultural Engineering,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,China)

机构地区：[1]江苏大学农业工程学院,镇江212013

出　　处：《农业机械学报》2024年第2期180-187,共8页Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

基　　金：中国博士后基金面上项目(2022M711396);江苏省高等学校自然科学研究面上项目(21KJB210019);江苏省研究生科研创新训练项目(KYCX22_3683);江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目(PAPD-2018-87)。

摘　　要：喷灌是园艺作物有效的防霜技术之一。为确定茶树喷灌防霜需水量和节约水资源,需研究喷灌过程中植株的储水/冰量动态变化及影响因素。本文设计了一种防滴落、茎杆水收集及称量组合装置,可直接精确获取整株茶树的储水/冰量;试验分析非冻结和冻结、微量和摇臂2类喷头条件下储水/冰量变化的异同;最后探究了冻结下微量喷头喷灌时长对储冰量和茎杆水量的影响。研究结果表明,非冻结条件下,茶树储水量变化经历积累、动平衡和干燥3个阶段;冻结条件下的储冰量随喷灌进行持续增加,并在停喷后较长时间内保持不变,即积累和保持阶段,随后依次经历融化流失和干燥阶段;相同喷灌压力和时长下,微量喷头的储水量和储冰量分别是摇臂喷头的1.2倍和2.0倍;微量喷头喷灌时长对最大储水量无明显影响,约为0.22 kg,最大储冰量则随喷灌时长的增加而显著增加,1.5 h的储冰量是0.5 h的2.9倍。微量喷头作用的茎杆水量,在非冻结和冻结条件下也较高,分别是摇臂喷头的3.0倍和2.7倍。本文研究了茶树植株表面储水/冰量变化及影响因素,改进了灌木类植物冠层截留量的测量方法,为提升防霜效果和实现精准喷灌奠定了基础。Frost damage often occurs in early spring night,causing huge economic losses to the famous tea industry.Sprinkler irrigation is an effective method of frost protection,which works by maintaining leaf and bud temperatures above the critical temperature through spraying water onto the tea plant and releasing latent heat as it freezes.This method has lower economic input and labor intensity compared with other methods,and sprinkler systems can also be used for irrigation,and fertilization.However,research is still lacking on the storage of water and ice on the surface of tea trees during irrigation to prevent freezing.A tea tree was planted in pot and placed on a high-precision electronic scale to enable weighing of water mass on tea plant surface during sprinkler irrigation.An umbrella cloth was used to keep out sprinkler water from falling into the pot or onto the electronic scale.The patterns of water and ice storage on the tea tree surface under non-freezing(4.0~8.0℃)and freezing conditions(-5.0~0℃)were explored and the effects of sprinkler irrigation duration and nozzle type were analyzed.The results showed that the water storage in tea plants under non-freezing conditions went through three stages of accumulation,dynamic equilibrium and drying respectively;while ice storage under freezing conditions went through four stages of accumulation,retention,melting loss and drying.The tea tree surface was constantly renewed through icing,allowing the sprinkler water to be retained.Under the same irrigation pressure and duration,the water storage and ice storage capacity of micro-sprinkler were 1.2 times and 2.0 times of that of impact sprinkler,respectively.The maximum water storage capacity was about 0.22 kg,but the maximum ice storage was increased significantly with the increase of irrigation duration.The ice storage of sprinkling 1.5 h was 2.9 times of that of 0.5 h.The stem water volume of the microsprinkler was higher under non-freezing and freezing conditions,which was 3.0 times and 2.7 times that of the im

关 键 词：茶树 防霜 喷灌 冠层截留 储水量 储冰量 

分 类 号：S425[农业科学—植物保护]