“开山令”——袍哥起源的传说、神话和历史  

“Decree of Opening the Mountain Hall”——Legends,Myths,and History of the Origin Paoge

作　　者：王笛[1] Wang Di

机构地区：[1]澳门大学历史系,中国澳门519000

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第2期19-39,233,共22页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：所谓“令”,就是“令集”,是袍哥在各种仪式场合中所诵读的诗句。《开山令》讲述了他们自己认为的“历史”,“我们”从哪里来的故事,以及他们的理念和信仰。现在已经无法确认他们所讲述的所谓的历史,有多少真实的,多少是传说。但是可以根据袍哥的各种文献,梳理各种袍哥起源的说法,考察袍哥怎样认识他们自己的过去,怎样讲述他们组织的来源,怎样把这种来源变成为他们自我形象塑造和身份认同的资源。通过制造神话来建构历史有着非常实用的功效。对组织来说,需要建立认同;对成员来说,需要精神激励,至于那些故事的历史真实,几乎不在考虑的范围之内。他们所需要的是一种故事,一种叙事方法,一种精神寄托。这些皆可以用于与国家权力进行对抗,以及在暴力的斗争中能够团结一致。袍哥组织建立了一整套话语体系,把自己与历史的某些传说、神话和历史联系在一起。这些创造帮助了他们的组织的发展,而且把他们凝聚起来,与国家权力进行搏斗。The so-called "decrees" were the poems that Paoge brothers recited on various ceremonial occasions."The Decree of Opening the Mountain Hall" tells the " history" they think,stories of where "we" came from,as well as their ideas and beliefs.Now it is impossible to confirm how much of the so-called history they told is real and how much is legendary.Based on various literatures of Paoge,this article sorts out various accounts on Paoge's origin and examines how Paoge understood their own past,how they described histories of their organization,and how they turned stories of their origin into a resource for their self-image shaping and identity identification.Constructing history by making myths had a very practical effect.For the organization,its identity should be established;for the members,spiritual inspiration was needed.As for the historical truth of those stories,it is almost out of consideration.What they need was a story,a narrative method,and a spiritual sustenance.These could be used to confront state power and to unite their forces in violent struggles.The Paoge organization established a whole set of discourse system,linking itself with some historical legends,myths and histories.Of course,these creations helped the development of their organization and enhanced them to fight against state power.

关 键 词：袍哥起源 开山令 传说 神话 历史 

分 类 号：B932[哲学宗教—宗教学]