“共伯和”还是“共和”——关于周厉王被逐后贵族“共和”难以为继的讨论  

“Gongbo He”or“Republic”——Discussion on“Republic”Beijing Difficult to Sustain Since the Expulsion of King Li of the Western Zhou Dynasty

作　　者：李山[1] 张月 Li Shan;Zhang Yue

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学文学院,北京100875 [2]澳门大学中国语言文学系,中国澳门999078 [3]澳门大学人文社科高等研究院,中国澳门999078

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第2期92-102,236,共12页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：出土文献“清华简”《系年》和《竹书纪年》都提到“共伯和干王位”,这与传世文献如《史记》中的“共和”存在差异。关于贵族参与驱逐周厉王的可能性,传世文献如《国语》《左传》《逸周书》的记载影绰,而出土文献及出土文物则表述明确。虽然记载不同,但两者都表明贵族和国人合力驱逐了周厉王,共同佐证了驱逐事件的真实性。基于西周宗法制,“国人”关系到王朝政权基础,且与高级贵族关系紧密。正是西周封建制和宗法制的自身逻辑引发了贵族与国人驱逐周厉王的事件。而在此后,西周贵族势力转向内部的利益争夺,王朝畿内贵族与外诸侯也都会因王位空缺而产生矛盾,“共和”难以为继,“共伯和立”成为政治平衡的权宜之计。然而,受社会环境和文化意识难以协调以及私欲纷争的主导,共伯和很快“归宗”,王权恢复,贵族的联合执政彻底宣告失败。With the excavation of new documents,ancient philology has become a heated research field.Unearthed documents such as Tsinghua Bamboo Slips "Shinian" and "Zhushu Chronicle" all mention that "Gongbo He intervened the throne",which is different from the " Republic" in handed down documents such as Shiji.With regard to the possibility of nobles participating in the expulsion of King Li of the Zhou,handed down documents such as Guoyu,Zuo Zhuan and Yizhoushu recorded a lot,while the unearthed documents and cultural relics were clearly stated.Although the records are different,both of them show that the nobles and the countrymen jointly expelled King Zhou,which jointly proved the authenticity of the expulsion event.Based on the patriarchal system of the Western Zhou Dynasty," Guoren" was closely related to the foundation of the imperial regime and the high nobles.It was the logic of the feudalism and patriarchy of the Western Zhou Dynasty that triggered the expulsion of King Li by nobles and countrymen.After that,the aristocratic forces of the Western Zhou Dynasty turned to internal struggle for interests,which was mainly reflected in the external princes and the aristocrats in the King' s area." Republic" was difficult to sustain,and "co-democracy" has become an expedient measure for political balance.However,due to the difficult coordination of social environment and cultural consciousness and the dominance of selfish disputes,Gongbo He soon " returned to the patriarchal clan",for the royal power was restored,and the joint governance of the nobles was completely defeated.

关 键 词：共伯和 贵族“共和” 周厉王 国人暴动 “清华简”《系年》 

分 类 号：K224[历史地理—历史学] I206.2[历史地理—中国史]