“权力—权利”结构视角下中国地权的历史谱系演进与现代启示  

Historical Genealogy Evolution and Modern Insights of China’s Land Property Rights from the Perspective of“Power-Rights”Structure

作　　者：王晨跃 田莉[1,2] 周建波 夏菁[4] WANG Chenyue;TIAN Li;ZHOU Jianbo;XIA Jing(School of Architecture,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;Technology Innovation Center for Smart Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Governance,Ministry of Natural Resources,Beijing 100084,China;School of Economics,Peking University,Beijing 100091,China;College of Architecture and Art,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230601,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学建筑学院,北京100084 [2]自然资源部智慧人居环境与空间规划治理技术创新中心,北京100084 [3]北京大学经济学院,北京100091 [4]合肥工业大学建筑与艺术学院,安徽合肥230601

出　　处：《中国土地科学》2024年第2期31-40,共10页China Land Science

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“面向乡村产业振兴的土地利用转型研究”(23&ZD114);国家社科基金重大项目“基于国土空间规划的土地发展权配置与流转政策工具研究”(20&ZD107);北京市政府北京卓越青年科学家项目“北京城乡土地利用与住房发展的理论、规划方法和技术体系研究”(JJWZYJH01201910003010)。

摘　　要：研究目的:探讨传统社会权力干预对土地收益分配的影响,梳理中国地权的历史谱系演进并为现代地权制度中的增值收益合理分配提供启示。研究方法:理想型建构法,分析性叙述法。研究结果:(1)以中央权力与地方权力对私权利不同程度的干预,建构了哑铃型与纺锤型两种理想的地权形态;(2)不同地权形态下的“权力—权利”互动模式可以总结为均田薄赋、经界并税与隐占兼并;(3)地权的历史谱系演进呈现为在王朝治乱周期下,形态由哑铃型向纺锤型的转换,这不仅呈现出中央权力与地方权力干预强弱转换下的表层循环特征,也潜藏着权力干预弱化与权利演化的深层特征。研究结论:建国以来的“权力—权利”结构体现为“中央—地方—农民”的关系,面对结构失衡产生的城乡差距扩大,中央应通过将横向社会反馈纳入纵向政府问责来约束地方政府的权力干预,并通过推动城郊区集体建设用地入市及差异化征税、远郊区农地国有化向农民还权赋能,走向“权力—权利”结构的制衡。The purposes of this paper are to rationalize the historical genealogy evolution of China’s land property right(LPR)and to provide the insights into the reasonable distribution of incremental revenue in the modern LPR institution by exploring the impact of power interventions on the distribution of land revenues in the traditional society.The results show that:1)two ideal forms of LPR,dumbbell and spindle,have been constructed with different degrees of intervention of central and local power in rights.2)The pattern of“power-rights”interactions under different forms of LPR can be summarized as“equalization of land and thin taxation”“land survey and tax consolidation”and“hidden possession and merger”.3)The historical genealogical evolution of LPR is characterized by the transformation of LPR forms from a dumbbell to a spindle under the cycle of dynasties,which not only presents the superficial cyclical characteristics of the transformation of the strength and weakness of central and local power interventions,but also lurks in the deeper characteristics of the weakening power interventions and the evolution of right.In conclusion,the“power-rights”structure starting from the founding of the P.R.China is reflected in the“central-local governments and peasants”relationship.Faced with the widening gap between urban and rural development resulting from structural imbalance,the central government should restrain the power intervention of local governments by incorporating horizontal social feedback into vertical government accountability,and empower peasants by promoting the marketization of collective-owned construction land in suburban areas with differential taxation and the nationalization of agricultural land in distant suburban areas,so as to move toward the balance in the“power-rights”structure.

关 键 词：土地制度史 “权力—权利”结构 理想型建构 土地产权 土地收益分配 

分 类 号：F301.1[经济管理—产业经济]