美国建国时期的“国家”理念  

The Idea of“State”in the American Founding Era

作　　者：李剑鸣[1] Li Jianming

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系

出　　处：《历史研究》2024年第2期146-170,M0007,共26页Historical Research

摘　　要：美国建国时期的政治文化迥异于当时的欧洲,建国者所向往和设计的国家,与欧洲强国的体制也有根本区别。虽然“美利坚国家”诞生于巨大的战争压力之下,但建国者力图建立的却是一种并不适应战争需要而有利于维护自由的“最低限度国家”;1787年联邦立宪所勾画的也只是一个拥有基本权能并受到严格限制的常规国家。美国建国者对于欧洲强国用以增强国家权能的税收、银行、公债和常备军等机制,也有完全不同于欧洲人的看法。他们从内心深处厌恶欧洲强国的国家体制,在新国家的构建中极力秉持“非欧洲化”方针。从美国建国时期占主导地位的“国家”理念中,还可以看出“反国家主义”传统的起源及要旨,为理解当前美国的国家运行找到历史参照。The political culture during the American founding period was remarkably different from that in Europe at the time.The state system the American founders cherished and conceived was distinguished fundamentally from the institutions of the European powers as well.While the"American state"was founded amidst significant wartime pressures,the founders aimed to establish a"minimal state"that was not designed to meet the demands of war but rather foster freedom.The political system that arose from the constitutional convention of 1787 was nothing more than a regular state with strictly defined basic powers.The founders of the United States also had completely different views from Europeans on the mechanisms used by European powers to enhance state capacity,such as taxation,banks,public debts,and standing army.Meanwhile,they harbored a strong dislike for the European state systems and strove to construct new state institutions with a distinctly"non-Europeanization"approach.In the prevailing thoughts about the state during the American founding period,it is quite evident to trace the roots and principles of the anti-statist tradition in America,providing a historical reference for understanding the current operation of the American state.

关 键 词：国家构建 独立战争 联邦宪法 非欧洲化 反国家主义 

分 类 号：K712[历史地理—历史学] D771.2[历史地理—世界史]