新疆南疆5个杏品种开花的生物学特性  

Flowering characteristics of five apricot cultivars in southern Xinjiang

作　　者：康江芳 代英姿 杨志峰 唐章虎[2] 王绍鹏 张大海[2] 冯建荣[1] KANG Jiangfang;DAI Yingzi;YANG Zhifeng;TANG Zhanghu;WANG Shaopeng;ZHANG Dahai;FENG Jianrong(College of Agriculture,Shihezi University,Key Laboratory of Special Fruits Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization,Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,Xinjiang 832000;Horticulture Institute of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences)

机构地区：[1]石河子大学农学院,特色果树栽培生理与种质资源利用兵团重点实验室,新疆832000 [2]新疆农业科学院园艺作物研究所

出　　处：《中国果树》2024年第3期48-53,共6页China Fruits

基　　金：新疆杏产业技术体系专项资金资助项目(XJCYTX-03-01、XJCYTX-03-02)。

摘　　要：以新疆南疆库买提等5个杏品种为试材,对其花期、花粉生活力、雌蕊败育率、柱头可授性及坐果率进行了调查,为该地区杏栽培授粉品种配置及高产稳产提供参考。结果表明:5个品种中,大白油杏花芽萌动期最早,吾候其和大白油杏始花期均最早,吾候其盛花期最早;同时品种间花芽萌动期变异系数最大,为51.35%,末花期变异系数最小,为5.66%。库买提花粉萌发率最高,与晚熟佳娜丽存在显著差异。雌蕊败育率在不同品种间差异显著,雌蕊败育率最高的是大白油杏,最低的是库买提。柱头最佳授粉时期具有差异,其中,库买提、晚熟佳娜丽、吾候其分别在花后第2 d和第3 d柱头达极强可授性。坐果率与雌蕊败育率呈极显著负相关关系,与花粉生活力呈正相关关系。5个杏品种花期持续6~9 d,吾候其、库买提的花粉生活力、坐果率均较强;大白油杏、晚熟佳娜丽雌蕊败育率均较高;库买提、晚熟佳娜丽、吾候其的柱头在最佳授粉时期均表现出极强的可授性。5 apricot cultivars,including‘Kumaiti’,and other cultivars,used as test materials to investigate and determine the flowering phenology period,pollen viability,pistil abortion rate,stigma receptivity and fruit setting rate to provide reference for the selection of pollination trees and high and stable yield of apricot cultivars in this area.The results showed that of the 5 apricot cultivars,the earliest flower bud germination date was‘Dabaiyouxing’,the earliest initial flowering date was‘Wuhouqi’and‘Dabaiyouxing’,and the earliest full flowering date was‘Wuhouqi’;meanwhile,the coefficient of variation among cultivars was maximum at the flower bud germination date with 51.35%and minimum at the blossom fall date with 5.66%.The pollen germination rate of‘Kumaiti’was the highest,but it was significantly different from‘Wanshujianali’.Pistil abortion rate varied significantly among cultivars,with the highest rate of pistil abortion was‘Dabaiyouxing’and the lowest was‘Kumaiti’.The optimum pollination period of stigma is different,among them,the stigmas of‘Kumaiti’,‘Wanshujianali’and‘Wuhouqi’showed very strong receptivity on the 2 d and 3 d after flowering.There was a highly significant negative correlation between fruit setting rate and pistil abortion rate,and a positive correlation between fruit setting rate and pollen viability.The flowering time of 5 apricot cultivars lasted 6~9 d;pollen viability and fruit setting rate were stronger in‘Wuhouqi’and‘Kumaiti’;‘Dabaiyouxing’and‘Wanshujianali’all had high rates of pistil abortion;the stigmas of‘Kumaiti’,‘Wanshujianali’and‘Wuhouqi’all showed very strong receptivity during the best pollination date.

关 键 词：杏 花期 雌蕊败育 柱头可授性 花粉生活力 

分 类 号：S662.2[农业科学—果树学]