清至民国黄淮地区中产缺失与社会衰变  

Lack of Middle Class and Social Decay in Huang-Huai Area from Qing Dynasty to Republic of China

作　　者：马俊亚 MA Junya(School of History,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023,China)

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史学院,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《安徽史学》2024年第2期5-15,共11页Historical Research In Anhui

基　　金：国家社科基金重大招标项目“大运河与中国古代社会研究”(17ZDA184)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在中国皇朝时代,清代的“盛世”持续时间最长,清代君主的执政能力也被誉超越前代。历史上,黄淮之间的豫、鲁、皖、苏长期是中国政治核心区及文化最繁荣地区,但清代以后,这里却成为盗匪渊薮,根源就在于皇权的独大及官权的寻租。有权者极易上升为富贵的顶层,无权者基本上沦为贫困的底层,从而消灭了社会稳定的基本力量中产阶层。通过权力寻租造就的社会上层是国家破坏性的力量,使传统体制更加不公正;底层民众为了对抗不公的体制,要么趋向于“江湖”式的拉帮结会,要么体现为搏命式的“剽疾轻死”。即便民国开启共和法治之路,由于中产的缺乏,作为既得利益者的上层群体非常容易地对新政、新法进行狙击和破坏,使共和政制被抹黑并背上恶名,民众并不知道谁是自己真正的利益代言人,无以摆脱对传统上层的依赖。The“heyday”of Qing dynasty lasted more than one century,the monarch’s ruling ability of Qing dynasty is also known as more than the previous counterparts.Historically,Henan,Shandong,Anhui and the Northern Jiangsu Province,where locate between Huai River and Huang River,had long been the political core and the most culturally prosperous areas of China.But after the Qing dynasty,these areas became hotbeds of banditry,due to the domination of imperial dictatorship and the rent-seeking of bureaucracy.The administratively powerful group was easily elevated to the top of wealth,while the powerless basically fell into the bottom of poverty,thus eliminating the basic force of social stability of the middle class.The upper echelons of society created through rent-seeking were the most destructive force of the state,making the traditional system even more unreasonable.The inferior class people,in order to fight against an unfair system,either tend to form cliques and gangs in the style of“green woods”,or exhibit a desperate conduct of“neck or nothing”.Even in the Republic of China,due to the lack of the middle class,the upper class easily targeted and undermined the new policies and laws,smearing the republican system.The inferior class people did not know who their true spokespersons for their interests were,and could not shake off their dependence on the traditional upper class.

关 键 词：黄淮地区 权力异化 剽疾 哑铃型社会结构 利益代言人 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学] K25[历史地理—中国史]