近代农家妇女劳动参与刍议(1929—1933)  

On Women’s Labor Participation in Modern Rural Households(1929-1933)

作　　者：吕航 胡浩[1] LV Hang;HU Hao(School of Economics and Management,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China)

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学经济管理学院,江苏南京210095

出　　处：《安徽史学》2024年第2期50-60,共11页Historical Research In Anhui

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“民国时期农村调查资料数据库构建与深度利用研究”(22&ZD233)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：近代农家妇女参与了维持家计的众多生产劳动,在不同劳动类型及农业区域,其劳动的特征存在明显差异。本研究基于1929—1933年20个省105个县10359个卜凯农户调查样本,分析了20世纪30年代初期中国农家妇女的生产劳动特征,并进行了不同农区的比较。结果表明,在农业生产中,“男耕”并非“女不耕”,但妇女的农耕参与称不上农家“半边天”;从不同农业区域来看,水稻地带的户均女性农耕劳动参与率比小麦地带普遍更高,但水稻地带内部的差异极大,女性农耕参与率最高的为水稻两获区,最低是水稻茶区;在副业生产的参与方面,农家妇女从传统家庭“女红”手工向工厂“女工”转变,但从事副业生产的机会约只有男性的三分之一,且多集中于纺织行业,妇女在各项副业中的劳动时间投入与男性相近,在副业生产中支撑起了农家“半边天”。造成近代中国农家妇女劳动参与差异的原因包括自然资源禀赋与种植结构、家庭人口与收入、交通状况与劳动力市场等,自然条件、家庭情况与社会环境是决定其劳动参与程度的重要因素。In modern times,rural women participated in many productive labor to maintain the family,but there are significant differences in the characteristics of women’s productive labor among different types of labor and agricultural regions.Based on the survey sample of 10359 Buck farmers in 105 counties of 20 provinces from 1929 to 1933,this study describes the characteristics of the production and labor behavior of Chinese rural women in the early 1930s,and carries out regional difference analysis and comparison.The results show that,on the general level of farming“male farming”is not“female not farming”,but women’s participation in farming is not equal to“half the sky”of farmers;At the regional level,the participation rate of female agricultural labor per household in the rice belt is generally higher than that in the wheat belt.The highest participation rate of female farmers per household is in the rice two-harvest area,and the lowest is in the rice tea area.There are great differences within the rice belt.Sideline:Rural women have changed from traditional household“needlework”handicrafts to factory“female workers”.However,the opportunities for engaging in sideline production are only about one-third of those of men,and are mostly concentrated in the textile industry.Women’s labor time input is similar to that of men,and from the perspective of sideline work,women can support“half the sky”in rural areas.The reasons for the differences in labor participation of rural women in modern China include natural resource endowments and planting structures,family population and income,transportation conditions and labor market,etc.Rural women face different natural condition,family situations and social environments,and their labor participation performance also shows the characteristics of differentiation.

关 键 词：近代 农家妇女 农耕 副业 劳动参与 

分 类 号：K263[历史地理—历史学]