生态环境法典的罪刑条款设置  

The Setting of Crime and Punishment Clauses Regarding the Ecological Environment Code

作　　者：张明楷[1] Zhang Mingkai(Law School of Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084)

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100084

出　　处：《政法论丛》2024年第2期28-39,共12页Journal of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目《我国刑法修正的理论模型与制度实践研究》(16ZDA060)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“《刑法典》是环境刑法更好的归属”的观点,只是一种主观判断,不一定符合事实;我国清末以来的刑法典都预设了多元刑事立法模式,单一刑法典模式不是由刑法典自身形成的,而是由于其他法律不设置罪刑条款形成的,生态环境法典应当直接设置环境犯罪的罪刑条款;罪刑条款应当与行为规则、行政处罚条款密切接近,故应采取分散型设置方式;行政刑法的特点是通过补强行为规则,确保行为规则的有效性,故生态环境法典中的罪刑条款通常采取行政犯的表述方式,但部分条款也可以采取刑法犯的表述方式;罪刑条款应以行政处罚条款为基础,通过增加不法要素与责任要素的方式,使环境犯罪具备应受刑罚处罚性;处理行政处罚与刑罚处罚的关系时,重在防止以刑罚处罚替代行政处罚;应当将行为人积极履行《民法典》规定的“修复生态环境责任”,规定为环境犯罪的减免处罚事由;生态环境法典中的罪刑条款设置应注重必要性、明确性、合理性、协调性,不必顾虑与现行刑法典中环境犯罪条款的重复与交叉。The view that “the Criminal Law is a better place to embrace environmental crimes within the law” is only a subjective judgment,which may not be consistent with the facts.Since the late Qing Dynasty,our code of the Criminal Law has presupposed multiple criminal legislation modes.The mode of single criminal codification is not formed by criminal legislation with the promulgation of the only Criminal Law,but has been formed by the facts that other laws hesitate to prescribe crime and punishment clauses within their codes.The ecological environment code should set crime and punishment clauses regarding environment crimes directly within the law.The crime and punishment clauses should be close to the rules of conduct and the provisions of administrative punishment;therefore,a decentralized setting mode should be adopted.The characteristic of administrative criminal law is to ensure the effectiveness of conduct rules by reinforcing them,so the crime and punishment clauses in the ecological environment code usually adopt the prescription of administrative crimes,but some provisions can also adopt the prescription of criminal crimes.The crime and punishment clauses should be based on the provisions of administrative punishment,and upgrade the violation of environmental crimes to be punishable in the criminal law by adding elements of unlawfulness and responsibility.When handling the relationship between administrative punishment and criminal punishment,the emphasis should be placed on preventing the replacement of administrative punishment with criminal punishment.As to the circumstance that the offender actively fulfills the “responsibility of restoring ecological environment” which is stipulated in the Civil Law,the ecological environment code shall prescribe it as the cause of remission of punishment for environmental crimes.The setting of crime and punishment clauses in the ecological environment code should focus on the necessity,clarity,rationality,and coordination,and no need to worry about the repeating

关 键 词：生态环境法典 附属刑法 罪刑条款 多元立法模式 

分 类 号：DF611[政治法律—刑法学]