论数据产权的构成要件基于交易成本理论  

On the Constitutive Requirements of Data Property Rights Based on Transaction Cost Theory

作　　者：申晨 Shen Chen

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院

出　　处：《中外法学》2024年第2期346-365,共20页Peking University Law Journal

摘　　要：数据产权的规范方案存在三项争议:采用何种规范模式;归属如何确定;公共数据、企业数据、个人数据的分类有何影响。争议未回答一项核心问题:数据产权的构成要件为何。按照交易成本理论,数据产权规范旨在设立“法律权利”以促进数据要素的市场化配置,其构成要件应根据交易成本分析予以确定。数据要素具有可复制性和效用不确定两大特性,这决定了其存在“监督成本”“阻碍成本”“匹配成本”“加工成本”等特殊交易成本,进而在数据市场中形成无排他、专营排他、保密排他、绝对排他四种产权形态。基于数字经济时代的数据交易成本优化,一种绝对排他的“新型”数据产权在数据市场中形成,其以数据获取具有“唯一渠道”或单独为集合性数据支付“加工成本”二者之一为实质要件;以采取“保密措施”或实施数据权利“唯一化公示”二者之一为形式要件。“新型”数据产权构成要件的特点,足以回应公开数据爬取、个人数据产权、数据产权登记效力等争议问题。There are three controversies in the standardization plan for data property rights:which standardization model to adopt;how to determine ownership;and what is the impact of the classification of public data,enterprise data,and personal data.The dispute did not answer a core question:what constitutes data property rights.According to transaction cost theory,data property rights regulations aim to establish"legal rights"to promote the market-oriented allocation of data elements,and their constituent elements should be determined based on transaction cost analysis.Data elements have two characteristics:replicability and utility uncertainty,which determines the existence of special transaction costs such as"supervision costs","impediment costs","matching costs"and"processing costs",thus forming a non-exclusive and exclusive market in the data market.There are four forms of property rights:exclusivity,confidentiality exclusivity,and absolute exclusivity.Based on the optimization of data transaction costs in the digital economy era,an absolutely exclusive"new"data property right has been formed in the data market.It has either the"only channel"for data acquisition or the separate payment of"processing costs"for collective data as substantive requirements;taking either"confidentiality measures"or implementing"unique disclosure"of data rights as formal requirements.The characteristics of the"new"data property rights constituting elements are sufficient to respond to controversial issues such as public data crawling,personal data property rights,and the validity of data property rights registration.

关 键 词：数据要素 数据产权 科斯定理 交易成本 

分 类 号：D922.16[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D923[政治法律—法学]