有机肥替代部分化肥对油菜产量和品质、肥料利用率及土壤性质的影响  

Effects of partial substitution of chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer on rapeseed yield,quality and fertilizer utilization rate as well as soil properties

作　　者：黄星瑜 朱安繁 姚锋先[2] 陈金[3] 张亚 夏文建[3] 吕真真[3] 张丽芳[3] 汪咏 HUANG Xing-yu;ZHU An-fan;YAO Feng-xian;CHEN Jin;ZHANG Ya;XIA Wen-jian;LV Zhen-zhen;ZHANG Li-fang;WANG Yong(Agricultural Technology Promotion Center of Jiangxi Province,Nanchang Jiangxi 330046;School of Life Science,Gannan Normal University,Ganzhou Jiangxi 341000;Soil&Fertilizer and Environmental&Resource Research Institute,Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanchang Jiangxi 330200)

机构地区：[1]江西省农业技术推广中心,江西南昌330046 [2]赣南师范大学生命科学学院,江西赣州341000 [3]江西省农业科学院土壤肥料与资源环境研究所,江西南昌330200

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2024年第1期141-148,共8页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：农业农村部绿色种养循环农业试点项目(Z175070020001);国家自然科学基金项目(32060726)。

摘　　要：揭示化肥减量与有机无机肥配施对油菜产量、品质和土壤养分的影响规律,为油菜生产提质增效提供理论依据。以甘蓝型油菜“浙油938”和“赣油杂8号”为试验材料,设置对照不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(T1)、优化施肥(T2)、有机肥替代15%化肥(T3)、有机肥替代30%化肥(T4)5个处理,研究有机肥替代部分化肥对油菜产量及品质、肥料农学利用率和土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明,相比于常规施肥和优化施肥,施用有机肥能够显著提高油菜的产量和肥料农学利用率,当有机肥替代率达到30%时,油菜的增产率最高,为36.24%~46.36%;此时,油菜的品质较高,含油量和饱和脂肪酸含量分别为38.6%和5.77%。此外,T4处理能够提升土壤质量,改良土壤结构,活化有效养分,进而提高土壤肥力,碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量较常规施肥分别提高了6.70%~34.27%、9.25%~17.00%和32.45%~83.78%;土壤pH值和阳离子交换量较常规施肥分别提高了2.73%~4.22%和12.65%~55.33%,土壤容重降低了5.79%~16.30%。化肥减量与有机肥配施能够提高油菜产量,改善油菜品质,且提升土壤养分含量。该试验条件下以有机肥替代30%化肥处理的效果最佳,能够促进养分的循环利用,兼顾油菜优质丰产和土壤良好理化特性。This research aimed to provide theoretical basis for improving the quality and efficiency of rapeseed production by revealing the effects of fertilizer reduction and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield,quality and soil nutrients of rapeseed.With"Zheyou 938"and"Ganyouza No.8"of rapeseed as experimental materials,five treatments were set up,including no fertilizer application(CK),conventional fertilizer application(T1),optimized fertilizer application(T2),organic fertilizer substitution of 15%chemical fertilizer application(T3),and organic fertilizer substitution of 30%chemical fertilizer application(T4),to research the effects of partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer on yields,fertilizer utilization ratio,quality and soil physical and chemical properties of rapeseed.The results showed that compared with conventional fertilization application treatment and optimal fertilization application treatment,the application of organic fertilizer significantly improved the yields and agronomic utilization rate of rapeseed.When the substitution rate of organic fertilizer reached 30%,the increase rate of yields on rapeseed was the highest,ranging from 36.24%to 46.36%.The oil content and saturated fatty acid content were 38.6%and 5.77%,respectively.In addition,T4 treatment could improve soil quality and structure,activate available nutrients,and enhance soil fertility.Compared with conventional fertilizer,the contents of alkali hydrolytic nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium increased by 6.70%-34.27%,9.25%-17.00%and 32.45%-83.78%,respectively;soil pH value and cation exchange capacity increased by 2.73%-4.22%and 12.65%-55.33%,respectively,while soil bulk density decreased by 5.79%-16.30%.Substituting chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer under equal nutrient supply combined with fertilizer reduction can improve the yields,quality and soil nutrient content of rapeseed.Under the experimental conditions,replacing 30%chemical fertilizer with organic

关 键 词：有机肥 产量 土壤理化性状 品质 油菜 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学] S153