波兰应对人口危机的政策评析  

Poland's Policies in Response to Demographic Crisis

作　　者：杨友孙 Yang Yousun

机构地区：[1]上海政法学院政府管理学院

出　　处：《俄罗斯学刊》2024年第2期81-99,共19页Academic Journal of Russian Studies

摘　　要：自2004年加入欧盟以来,由于低生育率、老龄化和大量向外移民,波兰出现了严重的人口危机,导致劳动力严重不足,经济发展受限,社会缺乏活力,甚至其国际地位也受到影响。为此,波兰政府出台了一系列政策,包括推出家庭支持项目和青年住房项目,提高老年人就业能力和延迟退休、引进移民等,其核心是以提高生育率为目标的家庭支持项目。这些政策取得了一些成效,波兰出生人口一度有所增加,中老年人就业率有所上升,但总的来看,并未遏制其人口不断下降的态势。对此,近年来波兰在积极奖励生育的同时,加大了引进移民的力度。不过,尽管波兰相对西欧国家来说具有就业门槛低、消费低等优势,但由于缺乏吸引移民的特别优惠政策,反而偏重于引进与本国文化相近的移民,波兰接纳的移民人口十分有限。若要解决越来越严重的人口危机,波兰有必要在重视生育率的同时,适度加大引进移民的政策力度。Since joining the EU in 2004,Poland has experienced a serious demographic crisis due to low fertility rate,population aging and large-scale emigration.This crisis leads to a serious shortage of labor force,limited the economic development,low social vitality.Even the international status of Poland is negatively affected.Hence,the Polish government has adopted a series of policies,including launching family support projects and youth housing projects,strengthening the employability of the elderly,delaying retirement and introducing immigrants,the core of which is family support projects aimed at increasing the fertility rate.These policies have achieved some results.The number of births in Poland has increased for a time,and the employment rate of middle-aged and elderly people has increased.However,they have not curbed the declining trend of its population.In response,in recent years,Poland has stepped up its efforts to introduce immigrants while actively encouraging childbirth.However,although Poland has the advantages of low employment threshold and low consumption compared to its Western European neighbors,it lacks special preferential policies and focuses on introducing immigrants with a culture similar to its own country.Therefore,only a very limited immigrant population has been accepted by Poland.To overcome the increasingly serious demographic crisis,Poland must appropriately strengthen its policy of introducing immigrants while paying attention to its fertility rate.

关 键 词：波兰 人口危机 生育率 侨胞 移民 

分 类 号：C924.513.21[社会学—人口学]