重读列宁的《怎么办?》——基于世界无产阶级革命的问题  

Rereading Lenin's What Is to Be Done?Based on the World Proletarian Revolution

作　　者：何萍[1,2] He Ping

机构地区：[1]武汉大学哲学学院 [2]武汉大学马克思主义理论与中国实践湖北省协同创新中心

出　　处：《世界社会主义研究》2024年第1期33-46,M0004,共15页World Socialism Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“罗莎·卢森堡著作的整理、翻译与研究”(14ZDB002);国家社会科学基金重大项目“以中国式现代化推进中华民族伟大复兴研究”(22ZDA022)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：列宁在《怎么办?》一书中,以“怎么办?”的提问,对第二国际内部马克思主义派和修正主义派争论的重大问题进行了辨析,指出革命理论和革命运动及其关系问题、建立革命家的组织问题是世界无产阶级革命亟待解决的中心问题。在思考和解决革命理论和革命运动及其关系的问题中,列宁提出了“没有革命的理论,就不会有革命的运动”的论断,批判了自发论在工人运动上的机会主义观点,强调工人阶级需要的是革命的运动;革命的理论是工人运动中的批判力量,它能防止工人运动滑入机会主义的陷阱,引导工人运动走上科学社会主义的道路。在思考和解决建立革命家组织的问题中,列宁分别从思想、政治和文化三个方面阐述了革命家组织的品格以及它所承载的社会主义革命的历史使命、思想使命和新文化培育的使命。列宁的这些思想奠定了十月革命的理论基础,并在十月革命的伟大实践中昭示了它的世界历史意义,是我们今天思考世界历史变革和中国式现代化的社会主义精神的重要思想资源。In What is to be done?,Lenin analyzed the major issues under debate by Marxists and revisionists within the Second International through posing a question.he pointed out that revolutionary theory,revolutionary movement,the relationship between the two,and the building of a revolutionary organization were the central issues to be urgently solved in proletarian revolutions of the world.In contemplating and solving the issues of revolutionary theory,revolutionary movement and their relationship,Lenin put forward the proposition that“without revolutionary theory,there can be no revolutionary movement”,with a critique of the opportunistic view of spontaneity in workers'movement,and a stress on the fact that what the working class needed was revolutionary movement.Revolutionary theory was a critical force in workers movement,which could prevent it from slipping into the trap of opportunism and guide it onto the path of scientific socialism.Lenin approached the issue of building a revolutionary organization from the three aspects of ideology,politics and culture,and elaborated on the character of revolutionary organization and its historical mission,ideological mission,and mission of cultivating new socialist culture.These thoughts of Lenin laid the theoretical foundation of the October Revolution,which in turn demonstrated through practice their world historical significance.They are an important ideational resource for us to think about the historical change of the world and the socialist spirit of the Chinese path to modernization today.

关 键 词：列宁 社会主义文化观 第二国际 《怎么办?》 自发论 自觉论 

分 类 号：A821[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学] D04[政治法律—政治学]