电学计量中的量子标准与自然常数  

Quantum standards and natural constants in electrical metrology

作　　者：刘民[1] 屠治国[1] 潘攀[1] LIU Min;TU Zhiguo;PAN Pan(Beijing Orient Institute of Metrology and Test,Beijing 100094,China)

机构地区：[1]北京东方计量测试研究所,北京100094

出　　处：《计测技术》2024年第1期23-29,共7页Metrology & Measurement Technology

基　　金：科技部制造基础技术与关键部件专项(2018YFB2003403)。

摘　　要：介绍了库仑定律和安培定律在电学单位制中发挥的作用,依据机械功率与电功率等效的原理,选择电流单位安培(A)作为基本物理单位,并介绍了实用单位制和电学实物计量标准。阐述了三种电学计量的量子标准原理和溯源到自然常数的途径,分析了真空磁导率在安培定律公式中发挥的作用,探讨了电学量子三角形与欧姆定律兼容的问题。指出基本电荷量常数不是简单地从约瑟夫森常数K_(J-90)和冯·克里青常数R_(H-90)推导而来,而是由精细结构常数公式计算出来的,能量守恒原理是单位制中的第一性原理,是力学和电学计量单位的纽带。提出量子点之间的位移电流对单电子隧道泵有一定的影响,真空磁导率不再是理想的常数,真空磁导率的变化将成为后来理论界研究的重点。Introducing the role of Coulomb's law and Ampere's law in the electrical system of units.According to the principle of equivalence between mechanical power and electric power,the current unit ampere(A)is selected as the ba-sic physical unit.The practical unit system and electrical physical measurement standards are introduced.The principles of three quantum standards of electrical measurements and the ways for tracing to the natural constant are described.The role of vacuum permeability in the formulation of the Ampere's law is analyzed.The problem of the compatibility of an electrical quantum triangle with Ohm's law is explored.It is pointed out that the elementary charge constant is not simply derived from the Josephson constant K_(J-90 )and the Von Klitzing constant R_(H-90),but is calculated from the fine structure con-stant formula.The principle of conservation of energy is the first principle in the system of units,and it is the link between mechanical and electrical measurement units.It is proposed that the displacement current between quantum dots has some influence on the single electron tunneling pump,the vacuum permeability is no longer an ideal constant,and the change of vacuum permeability will be the focus of later theoretical research.

关 键 词：国际单位制 约瑟夫森电压标准 量子化霍尔电阻标准 单电子隧道泵 基本电荷量常数 普朗克常数 精细结构常数 真空磁导率 

分 类 号：TB939[一般工业技术—计量学] TB971[机械工程—测试计量技术及仪器]