苹果树盘地布和药渣覆盖对土壤理化性质和细菌群落的影响  

Effects of Black Nonwovens and Herb Residue Mulching on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Microorganisms in the Apple Orchard

作　　者：高永臣 苏新建 余城 刘铸 毛柯 邹养军[1] 龚小庆[1] GAO Yongchen;SU Xinjian;YU Cheng;LIU Zhu;MAO Ke;ZOU Yangjun;GONG Xiaoqing(State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple,College of Horticulture,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学园艺学院,作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室/陕西省苹果重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《园艺学报》2024年第3期587-600,共14页Acta Horticulturae Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2301000);陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2023-JC-YB-170);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(2452022118);陕西省科技重大专项(2020zdzx03-01-02)。

摘　　要：以5年生‘烟富10’苹果树为试材,研究地布覆盖和药渣覆盖对土壤养分、土壤酶活性和细菌群落的影响。结果发现,地布覆盖和药渣覆盖均改变了土壤温度,增加了果实发育前期土壤含水量和土壤养分含量,提高了过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性,以药渣覆盖更为显著。药渣覆盖处理下,土壤有机质在幼果期、膨大期、成熟期分别增加了27.7%、32.1%、34.3%,速效磷增加了19.6%、53.8%、81.9%,速效钾增加了19.1%、35.0%、167.4%。对土壤细菌进行16S rRNA测序发现,两种覆盖均可增加土壤细菌α多样性,药渣覆盖的效果更好,且两种覆盖下土壤细菌群落β多样性更为相近,明显与对照不同。在细菌群落分布方面,地布覆盖处理显著增加了细菌放线菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门的群落丰度,分别增加了44.7%、65.7%和79.7%;药渣覆盖处理显著增加了变形菌门、拟杆菌门的群落丰度,分别增加了15.5%、54.5%。综上,药渣覆盖可以显著改善土壤水热情况,增加土壤养分含量,提高土壤细菌群落多样性,对果树根系生长发育更为有利。The 5-year-old‘Yanfu 10’apple(Malus×domestica)trees were differently mulched with black nonwovens and herb residue.The effects of different mulching materials on soil nutrients,soil enzyme activities,and microbial communities in the apple orchard were studied.The results showed that the soil temperature changed under the two different mulching treatments.The soil moisture contents increased during the early stage of fruit tree development under mulching treatments.The soil nutrient contents and the activities of catalase,urease,and sucrase were also elevated by the mulching treatments,especially by the herb residue mulching,comparing with the control.Under the herb residue mulching,the organic matters contents increased by 27.7%,32.1%,and 34.3%,available phosphorus increased by 19.6%,53.8%,and 81.9%,and available potassium increased by 19.1%,35.0%,and 167.4%at different stages of fruit development,respectively.16S rRNA sequencing of soil bacteria showed that both the black nonwovens mulching and the herb residue mulching increased theαdiversity of soil bacteria,especially for the herb residue mulching.Moreover,theβdiversity of soil bacteria was more similar under the two kinds of mulch,which was obviously different from the control.In terms of bacterial community distribution,the community abundance of Actinobacteriota,Bacteroidota,and Firmicutes increased by 44.7%,65.7%and 79.7%under black nonwovens mulching,respectively.The community abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota increased by 15.5%and 54.5%under herb residue mulching,respectively.In conclusion,the herb residue mulching can significantly improve soil moisture contents and soil temperature,increase soil nutrient contents,and enhance soil bacterial community diversity,which is more favorable to the growth and development of apple fruit tree roots.

关 键 词：苹果 果园覆盖 土壤养分 土壤细菌 16S rRNA测序 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学]