论古琴徽位产生的年代——从枚乘《七发》谈起  

The Generating Era of the Guqin Emblem:from Western Han Dynasty Rhetorician Mei Cheng's Qi Fa

作　　者：钟钰婷 ZHONG Yuting

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院中文系

出　　处：《中央音乐学院学报》2024年第1期132-142,共11页Journal of The Central Conservatory of Music

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费项目“18—19世纪戏曲传播史料整理与研究”(项目编号:2023CDJSKJC07);国家社科基金项目“元明戏曲剧本形态研究”(批准号:19CZW036)的阶段成果。

摘　　要：西汉枚乘《七发》中提及古琴的形制,学界多将其中的“约”字释为琴徽,并以此推测琴徽在西汉已经出现,或将其释读为琴轸。今北大所藏汉简《反淫》可与《七发》对读,考得“榖”与“约”对应,二者所指乃是古琴上的绒扣,且二文中所描写的古琴部件也未曾涉及琴徽。考察“徽”字的意义和相关文献,结合出土文物,可知至嵇康《琴赋》“弦长故徽鸣”,“徽”字的意义开始指向琴徽,并推知琴徽约在汉末三国初出现,至晚到东晋初十三徽成定制。琴徽的出现方便了泛音和按音的演奏,对于古琴技法的发展有直接影响。厘清琴徽产生的年代问题,对于研究古琴谱的产生、纯律的实际应用等古代音乐史上的重要问题具有积极意义。According to the shape and system of the Guqin described in Qi Fa(《七发》)that was written by Mei Cheng,a poet and writer on FU in the Western Han Dynasty,many scholars interpreted the word“Yue”(约)as the Guqin emblem,and inferred that the instrument emblem had already appeared in the Western Han Dynasty,or interpreted it as Qin Zhen.Nevertheless,comparative reading the Chinese script Fan Yin(《反淫》)collected by Peking University and Qi Fa could textually verify that the word“Gu”(榖)corresponds to“Yue”,both referring to the Rongkou(绒)on the Guqin,while the Guqin parts described in these two writings did not involve the emblem.By studying the meaning of the word“Hui”(徽)and relevant documents with unearthed cultural relics as well,we can see that the word“Hui”began to point to the Guqin emblem in Ji Kang's Qin Fu(《琴赋》),and then deduced that the Guqin emblem appeared about the end of the Han Dynasty and the beginning of The Three Kingdoms,and finally formed 13 emblems as late as the Eastern Jin Dynasty.The appearance of the emblems facilitated overtone producing and tone pressing,and directly impacted on the development of the Guqin playing techniques.Clarifying the generating era of the Guqin emblem is of positive significance for the research issues in ancient music history,such as the generation of Guqin notation and the practical application of just intonation.

关 键 词：枚乘 《七发》 《反淫》 约 琴徽 

分 类 号：J632[艺术—音乐] J31