美对华半导体管制的趋势、实施要点与中国因应  

Trends,Characteristic and China’s Response of the United States Semiconductor Export Control Against China

作　　者：杨超[1] 李伟 贺俊[2] CHAO YANG;WEI LI;JUN HE(Beijing Forestry University;Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

机构地区：[1]北京林业大学经济管理学院 [2]中国社会科学院工业经济研究所

出　　处：《产业经济评论》2024年第2期187-200,共14页Review of Industrial Economics

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“贸易壁垒下突破性创新政策体系建构研究”(20&ZD108)。

摘　　要：针对不断升级的中美半导体领域争端,本文梳理了美国对华半导体管制的趋势与要点。从特朗普政府到拜登政府,美对华半导体管制呈现出由“有限出口”向“全面出口管制”、由“5G”延伸至“AI”、由“大棒”扩展为“胡萝卜加大棒”、从“单边约束”扩展到“多边合围”的趋势。从管制要点来看,拜登政府在半导体产业链的所有关键环节都设计了阻碍中国技术进步的方案,不但限制高算力芯片成品对华出口,而且限制产业链上游的芯片制造设备、零部件、芯片设计软件出口以及产业链下游的算力租赁服务。针对美政府全方位围堵,本文提出对外强化与非热点半导体国家的联系、重视非传统技术路线半导体开发、借鉴比利时微电子研究中心运作模式发展共性技术机构等产业突围思路。In view of the escalating dispute between China and the United States in the semiconductor field,this paper combs the trend and key points of the United States'semiconductor regulation on China.From the Trump administration to the Biden administration,the US semiconductor regulation on China has shown a trend from"limited export"to"comprehensive export control",from"5G"to"AI",from"stick"to"carrot and stick",and from"unilateral constraint"to"multilateral cooperation".In terms of regulatory points,the Biden administration has designed schemes to hinder China's technological progress at all key links of the semiconductor industry chain,restricting not only the export of high-computing power chip products to China,but also the export of chip manufacturing equipment,parts and chip design software upstream of the industry chain and computing power leasing services downstream of the industry chain.In view of the all-round siege by the US government,it is proposed to strengthen the contact with non-hot semiconductor countries,attach importance to the development of semiconductor by non-traditional technology routes,and learn from the operation mode of Belgian microelectronics research center to develop common technology institutions.

关 键 词：半导体 芯片 中美竞争 产业竞争 

分 类 号：F426.63[经济管理—产业经济] F125