脑力疲劳对运动员竞技表现的影响及可能机制  

Effects of Mental Fatigue on Athletic Performance and Its Potential Mechanisms

作　　者：杨威 廖开放[3] 高崇 卞超 赵少聪 黎涌明 YANG Wei;LIAO Kaifang;GAO Chong;BIAN Chao;ZHAO Shaocong;LI Yongming(Department of Physical Education,Xiamen University of Technology,Xiamen 361024,Fujian,China;School of Athletic Performance,Shanghai University of Sport,Shanghai 200438,China;School of Sports Health,Guangdong Vocational Institute of Sport,Guangzhou 510650,China;Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy,Vrije Universiteit Brussel,Brussels 1050,Belgium;Institute of Sport Science,General Administration of Sport of China,Beijing 100061,China)

机构地区：[1]厦门理工学院体育部,福建厦门361024 [2]上海体育大学竞技运动学院,上海200438 [3]广东体育职业技术学院体育健康学院,广州510650 [4]布鲁塞尔自由大学体育教育与理疗学院,布鲁塞尔1050 [5]国家体育总局体育科学研究所,北京100061

出　　处：《西安体育学院学报》2024年第1期112-129,共18页Journal of Xi'an Physical Education University

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(22ATY002);教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目(23YJC890023);上海市海外高层次人才项目(GZ2022014)。

摘　　要：脑力疲劳对运动员竞技表现的影响是近10余年竞技体育领域研究的热点。系统梳理和综述该领域的研究成果能够为运动员科学的训练、比赛以及后续研究的开展等提供建议。文献梳理结果显示:(1)竞技体育领域主要采用30~60 min以STROOP任务为代表的心理认知类方案诱导脑力疲劳,并以主观法结合客观法对脑力疲劳进行测量;(2)脑力疲劳会负面影响运动员有氧、协调、重复灵敏、技术、战术和决策等竞技表现,但对无氧、最大力量、肌肉爆发力、冲刺、重复冲刺、灵敏等竞技表现影响较小;(3)前额叶皮层α、θ波功率增强及血氧浓度下降,前扣带皮层腺苷浓度增加及多巴胺浓度下降,精神加强系统激活不够,精神抑制系统活动增强等是运动员脑力疲劳产生的可能机制,RPE升高、执行功能破坏等是脑力疲劳负面影响运动员竞技表现的可能机制;(4)脑力疲劳诱导方案和诱导效果判定标准等的优化,脑力疲劳影响运动员竞技表现在受试者群体、竞技表现和测试场景等方面的研究拓展以及相关机制的进一步确认和完善等是未来该领域的研究方向。我国可在借鉴国外相关研究成果的基础上,针对上述方向开展研究,认识脑力疲劳对运动员竞技表现影响的客观事实,并针对性地采取预防和干预措施,削弱或消除脑力疲劳对运动员竞技表现的影响。The effects of mental fatigue on athletic performance has been a hot topic in the past decade.A comprehensive review of current research findings is both meaningful for training,competition and conductive to future research.The results of the literature review show that:(1)Mental fatigue in sports was mainly induced by 30~60 min psycho-cognitive task,represented by STROOP,and the subjective combined with objective methods were used for mental fatigue measurement.(2)In sports,mental fatigue impairs aerobic capacity,motor coordination,repeated agility,technical and tactical performance and decision-making ability,but has no negative effect for anaerobic ability,maximal strength,explosive muscle power,sprinting and repeated sprinting ability and agility.(3)Increased alpha,theta wave power and deceased oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex,increased adenosine and deceased dopamine concentration in the anterior cingulate cortex,insufficient activation of the mental facilitation system and increased activity of the mental inhibition system were possible mechanisms for the generation of mental fatigue.Increased RPE and deterioration of executive function were possible mechanisms for poorer athletic performance during mental fatigue.(4)The optimisation of mental fatigue induction protocols and its effectiveness judgment criteria,conducting research involving other subject groups,athletic performance and test scenarios,and the identification and refinement of potential mechanisms are future research directions.On the basis of relevant research results,China is in position to carry out research in the above-mentioned directions for eliminating or diminishing the negative effects of mental fatigue in sport.

关 键 词：脑力疲劳 运动员 竞技表现 运动表现 

分 类 号：G804.21[文化科学—运动人体科学]