《民法典》背景下作为合同生效要件的行政审批  

Administrative Approval as a Requirement for Contract Effectiveness under the background of the Civil Code

作　　者：张莹莹 Zhang Yingying

机构地区：[1]中共中央党校(国家行政学院)政治和法律教研部

出　　处：《行政管理改革》2024年第3期60-68,共9页Administration Reform

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“行政法总则制定的理论与实践问题研究”(21&ZD191)。

摘　　要：《中华人民共和国民法典》第502条明确赋予了法律和行政法规设定作为合同生效要件的行政审批的权力。行政审批作为合同的生效要件打破了“合同成立即生效”的一般原理,一定程度上充当了合同自由的边界。作为合同生效要件的行政审批属于私法形成性行政行为,其目的在于公共利益。然而,这种制度设计可能存在影响私法自身的内部逻辑、行政权不当越位、诱发机会主义行为等制度隐忧。对此,应当寻求符合管理目的的唯一与最优选择,通过行政审批合理管控合同的履行,并依法对行政审批权的设定作出限制。Article 502 of the Civil Code clearly grants the power of administrative approval as a requirement for contract effectiveness to be established by laws and administrative regulations.Administrative approval,as a necessary condition for the effectiveness of a contract,breaks the general principle of"the contract becomes effective upon its establishment"and serves as the boundary of contract freedom.Administrative approval,as a necessary condition for the effectiveness of contracts,is a kind of administrative act leading to effect of private law,and its legitimacy stems from the priority of public interests,with the aim of preventing excessive autonomy from harming public interests.However,this system design has hidden institutional concerns such as disrupting the internal logic of private law itself,improper overstepping of administrative power,and inducing opportunistic behavior.In this regard,it is necessary to seek the only and optimal option that meets the regulatory objectives,to prohibit the impact of administrative approval on the effectiveness of contracts,and instead use administrative approval to control the performance of contracts.Of course,even the administrative approval authority for controlling contract performance should be strictly limited,and only the law has the power to set it.

关 键 词：民法典 行政审批 合同 生效要件 合同的履行 自治 

分 类 号：D63[政治法律—政治学]