论惩罚性赔偿在生态环境损害救济场域中的适用  

The Application of Punitive Compensation in the Field of Ecological Environmental Damage Relief

作　　者：彭中遥 PENG Zhong-yao(School of Law,Hunan University,Changsha Hunan 410082,China)

机构地区：[1]湖南大学法学院,湖南长沙410082

出　　处：《内蒙古社会科学》2024年第2期112-121,共10页Inner Mongolia Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“公私法协动视野下生态环境损害救济机制体系化研究”(编号:21CFX076)。

摘　　要：我国《民法典》第1232条所创设的环境侵权惩罚性赔偿制度具有典型的功利主义色彩与实用主义考量,其能否适用于生态环境损害救济场域在学理上存在较大争议。依照最高人民法院2022年印发的《关于审理生态环境侵权纠纷案件适用惩罚性赔偿的解释》,该项制度主要适用于环境侵权私益损害填补场域,如有必要,方可参照适用于生态环境公益损害救济场域。但从我国环境司法实践情况看,惩罚性赔偿却呈现出“重公益、轻私益”的重心颠倒之态,且存在过度威慑行为人、规制效率低下等诸多问题。基于惩罚性赔偿公法私法化的法律性质,以及作为公法规制补充手段的基本定位,宜从主观故意、行为违法、后果严重三个维度合理限缩其在生态环境损害救济场域中的适用空间。因此,有必要依照“严格审慎”的基本态度,酌情计算相关惩罚性赔偿金的数额,具体应以期间损害、永久性损害为基数,采用2倍以内的“倍率封顶式”计算方式。最后,为实现“过罚相当”的基本原则,还应妥善处理好惩罚性赔偿与行政罚款、刑事罚金等金钱类环境法律责任的关系,以确保相关制度能够发挥合力而非干扰排挤。The punitive compensation system for environmental infringement in article 1232 of Civil Code of the People's Republic of China is of typical utilitarianism and pragmatism,which remains controversial whether it can be applied to the field of ecological environmental damage remedies in theory.In accordance with the Interpretation on the Application of Punitive Compensation in the Trial of Cases of Ecological Environment Infringement Disputes issued by the Supreme People's Court in 2022,the system is mainly applicable to the field of compensation for private interest damage in environmental infringement.If necessary,it can refer to the application to the field of ecological environment public welfare damage remedies.However,from the perspective of environmental judicial practice,the punitive damage show a reversal of focusing on public welfare and neglecting private interests,along with many challenges,such as excessive deterrence of perpetrators and low regulatory efficiency.Based on the legal nature of the privatization of the public law of punitive damages and the basic positioning of the supplement of the public law regulation means,it is appropriate,from three dimensions,namely subjective intent,illegal behavior and serious consequences,to rationally limit its application space in the field of ecological environmental damage remedies.Thus,it is necessary to adhere to the basic attitude of strict and prudent and calculate the amount of relevant punitive damages as appropriate.Specifically,the calculation shall be based on the period damage and permanent damage,and adopt the multiple capping calculation method within 2 times.Eventually,in order to realize the basic principle of equivalent fault and punishment,it is also necessary to properly handle the relationship between punitive damages and monetary environmental legal liabilities such as administrative fines and criminal fines,so as to ensure that the relevant systems play a joint role rather than mutual interfering and excluding.

关 键 词：生态环境损害 惩罚性赔偿 公法私法化 公法规制之补充 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D922.68[政治法律—法学]