“差一点”和“差一点没”的语义  

The meaning of chayidian and chayidianmei

作　　者：林娟[1] 郭锐[2] LIN Juan;GUO Rui

机构地区：[1]暨南大学华文学院 [2]北京大学中国语言学研究中心

出　　处：《世界汉语教学》2024年第2期175-190,共16页Chinese Teaching in the World

摘　　要：以往研究认为“差一点没VP”的“已实现/未实现”歧义是以说话人是否企望VP发生为条件,这一观点有一些例外,陆续有学者提出“积极/消极、常态/偶发、合意/非合意、预期/非预期”等分化条件,但都有例外。本文认为,“差一点X”的核心义是“离达到某种结果或状态只有很小的距离”,制约“差一点没VP”的“已实现/未实现”义的根本因素是“目标性”,即VP表示的是否是施事或中心人物意欲实现的目标事件。目标性之所以会成为“差一点没VP”意义差异的条件,是因为“差一点”还表达“惜幸”的主观义,并由此造成“差一点”的肯定式/否定式与目标/非目标事件结合时的“三缺一”格局,由此为“差一点没VP”表示“未实现”义提供了形式上的可能。而“差一点没”在表示“未实现”义时,其实是一个近义并联构词形成的复合词,因此并不真正存在所谓的“羡余否定”。Previous studies hold that the ambiguity of “chaiyidian mei VP” is conditional on whether the speaker expects VP to occur. There are, however, some exceptions to this view. A number of scholars have proposed such differentiation conditions as positive/negative, normal/accidental, consensual/nonconsensual, expected/unexpected, etc., but none is without exception. This paper argues that the core meaning of “chayidian X” is “only a small distance from reaching a certain result or state”, and the fundamental factor restricting the “realized/unrealized” interpretation of “chayidian mei VP” is “purpose”, that is, whether VP represents the target event that the agent or the central person intends to achieve. The reason why “purpose” becomes the condition of the difference in the meaning of “chayidian mei VP” is that “chayidian” also expresses the subjective meaning of “pitiful or fortunate”, and results in the pattern of “three players looking for one more player” of positive/negative and purpose/non-purpose, thus providing the possibility for the form “chayidian mei VP” to express the “unrealized” meaning. Chayidianmei is actually a compound word when it expresses the meaning of “unrealized”, so there is no so-called “redundant negation”.

关 键 词：“差一点” 目标 惋惜 庆幸 羡余否定 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]