雍正改制与清代科举的新传统——以登极恩科和恩诏科举广额为例  

Emperor Yongzheng's Reform and New Tradition of Civil Service Examination in Qing

作　　者：张瑞龙 ZHANG Ruilong

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学历史学院,100872

出　　处：《史林》2024年第1期151-167,220,共18页Historical Review

基　　金：教育部人文社科项目资助成果。

摘　　要：雍正登极恩诏中并无特开恩科之款,特开登极恩科是在此后另行专诏颁布。雍正开创登极恩科,提高、扩大恩诏科举广额的名数和范围,和他继位之初与宗室诸王的党争及其在八旗中的势力不占优势有关。此举旨在借助民人尤其是汉人的力量来稳固统治。雍正七年以孔庙庆云恩诏科举广额,实则与曾静案密切相关,其目的亦在于此。凡此皆与雍正朝用人行政和权力结构中的“重用汉人”相似。由于登极大典的至高礼仪规格和覃恩条款的极强延续性,雍正开创的登极恩科且恩诏科举广额,作为皇权的礼仪性缘饰,被后世继统之君援用,成为清代科举的新传统。恩诏科举广额的其他恩例,在雍正以降或遭取消废止、或被降低规格,清代恩诏科举广额的恩例由此形成鲜明的等级体系。在清代的制度和政治变革中,“雍正改制”或可作为一个独立的制度史时段。The present paper,intensively discussing Emperor Yongzheng's reform of civil service examination,in which an increasing number of candidates could pass the exam thanks to the emperor's special favor,concludes that this institutional endeavor was actually an embodiment of the emperor's reliance on Han Chinese in improving Qing's governance and exactly for this reason Yongzheng reign should be treated as an independent phase in the history of civil service examination.

关 键 词：清代科举 恩诏科举广额 登极恩科 新传统 雍正改制 

分 类 号：K249.2[历史地理—历史学]