稻油系统周年产量差及形成因素探究: 以湖北省武穴市为例  

Evaluation of annual yield gap and yield limiting facters in rice-rapeseed cropping system:an example from Wuxue city,Hubei province,China

作　　者：曹馨元 杜明利 王宇诚 陈欣华 陈佳欣 凌霄霞[1] 黄见良[1] 彭少兵[1] 邓南燕 CAO Xin-Yuan;DU Ming-Li;WANG Yu-Cheng;CHEN Xin-Hua;CHEN Jia-Xin;LING Xiao-Xia;HUANG Jian-Liang;PENG Shao-Bing;DENG Nan-Yan(National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/MARA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/Hubei Hongshan Laboratory/College of Plant Science and Technology,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070,Hubei,China)

机构地区：[1]作物遗传改良全国重点实验室/农业农村部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/湖北洪山实验室/华中农业大学植物科学技术学院,湖北武汉430070

出　　处：《作物学报》2024年第5期1287-1299,共13页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31901424);湖北省现代种业“揭榜挂帅”项目(水稻现代育种技术研发与良种选育攻关)资助

摘　　要：明确农户水平稻油系统的产量差及进一步增产的限制因素对保障我国粮油安全具有重要作用。本研究以我国典型稻油系统生产区湖北省武穴市为研究对象,采用作物模型与田间调查相结合的方法评估了该地区稻油系统周年产量差,并使用单因素方差分析和条件推断树综合比较了农户在土壤条件和管理措施上的差异,以探究该地区限制稻油系统产量进一步增长的主要栽培因素及可行的增产途径,为因地制宜地缩小产量差提供新思路。结果表明:(1)武穴市水稻季和油菜季的潜在产量分别为11.79 t hm^(-2)和4.43 t hm^(-2),按照水稻和油菜籽粒的能量当量换算系统周年能量后,稻油系统的最高周年潜在能量为284 GJ hm^(-2)。水稻季和油菜季的平均实际产量分别为8.11 t hm^(-2)和1.82 t hm^(-2),系统平均实际周年能量为165 GJ hm^(-2)。该地区稻油系统的平均周年相对产量差(产量差与潜在产量的比值)为42%,其中油菜季(59%)比水稻季(31%)具有更大的产量提升空间。相较于湖北省和长江流域的平均水平,武穴市稻油系统周年潜在能量相近,而周年实际能量分别低13%和5%,导致该地区的产量差相对较大,其中分别有83%和61%的农户相对产量差大于湖北省和长江流域平均水平。(2)该地区周年产量较低的农户具有以下主要特征:土壤为沙壤土,耕层较浅;水稻季虫草害防治效果差,水稻季肥料做底肥一次施用且轻施氮、钾肥;油菜季重施肥料,且油菜机收损失较大。(3)武穴市89%的农户选择种植常规稻品种黄华占,其实际产量已达到该品种潜在产量的90%左右;种植油菜品种的种类较多且产量差异较大。综上,武穴市稻油系统仍具有较大的增产空间;缩小当地稻油系统产量差的技术措施包括:适当深耕提高土壤生产力;油菜季选择当地适宜的高产油菜品种;水稻季加强推广高产优质杂交稻品种,重点关注增加水�To ensure national food and edible oil security,it is important to identify the yield gap and yield-limiting factors of rice-rapeseed cropping system at farmer level.In this study,Wuxue city,Hubei province,a typical rice-rapeseed cropping system production area in China was selected for the research.The annual system yield gap was evaluated by a mixed approach of crop modeling and field investigation.Comparisons were conducted among smallholders in terms of soil conditions and management practices by the methods of one-way ANOVA and conditional inference tree.The objective of this study is to identify the crucial yield-limiting factors for smallholders,to explore practical strategies to further increase system yield,and to provide innovative insight into how to adapt specific strategies to close the yield gap based on local conditions.The results showed as follows:(1)The potential yields of rice and rapeseed seasons in Wuxue were 11.79 t hm^(-2) and 4.43 t hm^(-2),respectively,and the maximum annual system potential energy was 284 GJ hm^(-2) based on the equivalent energy of rice and rapeseed.The actual yields for rice and rapeseed seasons were 8.11 t hm^(-2) and 1.82 t hm^(-2),respectively,and the average annual actual system energy was 165 GJ hm^(-2).The average annual relative yield gap(the ratio of yield gap to potential yield)was 42%,and rapeseed(59%)had a greater space for yield increase than rice(31%)within the system.Compared with the average yields of Hubei province and Yangtze River Valley(YRV),the annual potential yield in Wuxue was similar,while the annual actual yield was 13%and 5%lower,respectively,resulting in a relatively large system yield gap in Wuxue.Specifically,approximately 83%and 61%of smallholders in Wuxue had larger relative yield gaps than the average levels in Hubei and the YRV,respectively.(2)Smallholders with relative low system yields presented the following characteristics:sandy-loam soil and low plowing depths,severe weed and pest damage,all fertilizers were applied as basal fertil

关 键 词：产量差 田间调查 稻油系统 作物模型 管理措施 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学] S565.4