不同覆盖措施对土壤水热状况及春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响  

Effects of different mulching measures on moisture and temperature of soil and yield and water use efficiency of spring maize

作　　者：王永亮 胥子航 李申 梁哲铭 白炬 杨治平 WANG Yong-Liang;XU Zi-Hang;LI Shen;LIANG Zhe-Ming;BAI Ju;YANG Zhi-Ping(Shanxi Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(Subject Group),Taiyuan 030031,Shanxi,China;Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Nutrient Resources,Taiyuan 030031,Shanxi,China)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学/农业农村部盐碱土改良与利用重点实验室(学科群),山西太原030031 [2]土壤环境与养分资源山西省重点实验室,山西太原030031

出　　处：《作物学报》2024年第5期1312-1324,共13页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：山西省科技重大专项计划项目(202201140601028);山西省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(2023CYJSTX01-14);山西省科技成果转化引导专项(202104021301047);山西农业大学博士科研启动项目(2021BQ123)资助。

摘　　要：为提高黄土高原东部河谷平原春玉米水分利用效率,探究最适宜该地区春玉米种植的地表覆盖措施,基于连续7年长期定位试验,于2021—2022年开展田间试验,共选取无覆盖(CK)、地膜覆盖(plastic film mulching,FM)以及秸秆覆盖(straw mulching,SM)3个处理,研究不同覆盖措施对土壤水热状况及春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,系统分析了2年试验期土壤水分与温度动态变化及春玉米各阶段水分生产力,为该地区春玉米水肥高效提供利于农业可持续发展的科学管理措施。结果表明:与无覆盖处理相比,地膜覆盖具有增温效应,2年内土壤温度提高0.72~2.63℃;秸秆覆盖具有降温效应,2年内土壤温度降低0.20~1.51℃。与无覆盖处理相比,地膜与秸秆覆盖处理均可改善春玉米生长前期土壤含水量,并驱动土壤“湿干交替”现象促进水分吸收,提高水分利用效率,实现增产。虽然地膜覆盖处理改善了前期土壤含水量,促进春玉米前期生长发育,但会导致根系生长过浅,不利于生长后期水分利用,甚至植株存在倒伏风险(2021年倒伏率高达72.14%),影响产量形成。与地膜覆盖处理相比,秸秆覆盖处理驱动土壤“湿干交替”时表现出更强水分缓冲力,协调春玉米各阶段生长发育,生长后期水分利用效率显著提高25.17%~34.71%,并降低倒伏风险。2年平均数据显示,与地膜覆盖处理相比,秸秆覆盖处理产量与水分利用效率显著提高8.55%和10.23%,经济效益显著提高12.57%。综上所述,秸秆覆盖可作为该地区春玉米水肥高效可持续利用的科学管理措施。The objectives of this study were to improve the water use efficiency of spring maize in the valley plains of the eastern Loess Plateau and to identify the most suitable surface mulching measure for spring maize cultivation in this region.Field experiments were conducted from 2021 to 2022 based on a seven-year long-term positioning experiment.Three treatments including no mulching control(CK),plastic film mulching(FM),and straw mulching(SM)were selected.The effects of different mulching measures on moisture content and temperature of soil as well as yield and water use efficiency of spring maize were investigated,and the dynamics of soil moisture,soil temperature,and the water productivity of spring maize at each growth stage during the two-year experimental period were systematically analyzed,so as to provide a scientific management measure of efficient water and fertilizer use in spring maize growing,which is beneficial to the sustainable agricultural development of the region.The results indicated that plastic film mulching had a temperature-raising effect compared with the control,showing an increase of 0.72–2.63℃in soil temperature in two years.Straw mulching had a cooling effect and the soil temperature was reduced by 0.20–1.51℃in two years.Compared with the control,the soil moisture content at the early growth stage of spring maize was increased in both FM and SM treatments,and the“alternation of wetting and drying”in soil was induced to promote water absorption,water use efficiency,and eventually crop yield.However,shallow roots were found in the plastic film mulching treatment although the growth of spring maize was promoted at the early stage of growth,which lowered water use efficiency at the later stage of growth and posed a risk of lodging(the lodging percentage reached 72.14%in 2021),and consequently affected yield formation.Compared with the FM treatment,the SM treatment exhibited stronger buffering capability to the fluctuation of soil moisture content as the“alternation of wetting a

关 键 词：黄土高原 春玉米 覆盖措施 产量 经济效益 水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]