情势变迁原则视阈下海平面上升对海洋边界条约的法律影响及应对  

The Legal Effects of Sea-Level Rise on Maritime Boundary Treaties and Responses under the Principle of Rebus Sic Stantibus

作　　者：汪小静 Wang Xiaojing

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学国际法学院 [2]德国汉堡大学

出　　处：《国际经济法学刊》2024年第1期1-22,共22页Journal of International Economic Law

基　　金：2023年国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目(项目编号:202307070043)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：限于《联合国海洋法公约》的谈判和制定是在海平面上升引起诸多国际法挑战之前,它所能提供的法律工具有限,但是海平面上升这一科学证明的事实将不可避免影响其解释和适用。由于海平面上升可能引起近海地物、基线和相关海区法律地位变更,通过协议和裁决确立海洋边界时已经或将来使用的相关点和岛屿的变化将对海洋划界产生法律影响。目前最优解仍是在现行法律框架内处理这一问题。《维也纳条约法公约》为国际社会如何妥善处理海平面上升对海洋边界条约产生的法律影响提供了法律指引。现有判例显示,情势变迁原则不能用于突破现有海洋划界条约和裁判,海洋边界具有稳定性。“特别受影响国家”在内的各国也趋于承认海洋边界条约的确定性和可预测性。在这方面的国际习惯形成之前,“实际占领地保有权理论”也可用于维持海洋边界的稳定性。The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,which was negotiated and enacted prior to the many challenges to international law posed by sea-level rise,provides limited legal tools,but the scientifically proven fact of sea-level rise will inevitably affect its interpretation and application.As sea-level rise may cause changes in the legal status of offshore features,baselines and associated maritime zones,changes in associated points and islands that have been or may be used in the future in the establishment of maritime boundaries through agreements and judgements will have legal implications for maritime delimitation.The optimal solution for now remains to deal with this issue within the existing legal framework.The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides legal guidance to the international community on how to appropriately address the legal implications of sea-level rise for maritime boundary treaties.Existing jurisprudence shows that the rebus sic stantibus principle cannot be used to override existing maritime delimitation treaties or judgments and adjudications,and that maritime boundaries are stable.States,including"specially-affected States",have also tended to recognize the certainty and predictability of maritime boundary treaties.The"doctrine of uti possidetis"could also be used to maintain the stability of maritime boundaries prior to the formation of relevant customary international law rules.

关 键 词：《联合国海洋法公约》 《维也纳条约法公约》 海平面上升 海洋边界条约 情势变迁原则 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]