美国应对国际安全问题的行为逻辑  

The Logic of U.S.Conduct in Responding to International Security

作　　者：王晓波 车永新 Wang Xiaobo;Che Yongxin

机构地区：[1]延边大学人文社会科学学院国际政治系,延吉133002 [2]延边大学人文社会科学学院,延吉133002

出　　处：《国际观察》2024年第1期128-156,共29页International Review

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“美国朝核政策与半岛无核化互动趋势研究”(项目批准号:20AGJ008)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：美国应对国际安全问题的核心目标是维持其在国际秩序中的主导地位。当美国认为应对国际安全问题有利于维持其主导地位时,多采用“多边主义”政策;当认为不利于维持其主导地位时,则由“议题性质”决定美国将采用何种政策。议题性质由“威胁认知”与“威胁界定”两个次级影响因素构成。其中,威胁认知是决定美国应对国际安全问题的首要影响因素,当美国决策者对有关国际安全问题的威胁认知高时,就采取单边主义行动;当其对有关国际安全问题的威胁认知低时,则实行减少国际参与、逃避国际责任的孤立主义政策。威胁界定作为次要影响因素,与威胁认知一同塑造美国的政策选择。当威胁认知高且威胁界定损害国际秩序支柱时,美国通常采用防御性单边主义政策;当威胁认知高且威胁界定不损害国际秩序支柱时,则实行进攻性单边主义政策。在美国应对国际安全问题时,由于维持主导地位的思想与国际安全治理的理念背道而驰,导致美国实现利益最大化的愿望和规则难以转化为基础性共识;在此类不能转化为基础共识的情况下,美国将会采取有悖于国际关系准则和国际法的行动,以维持其主导地位,也对国际社会稳定产生了诸多不利影响。The core objective of the U.S.response to international security issues aims at maintaining its"dominant position"in the international order.When the response to international security issues is conducive to the maintenance of the primacy,the policy of multilateralism is adopted;while it is not conducive to the maintenance of the dominant position,the"nature of the issue"would determine which policy to be selected.The nature of the issue consists of two sub-factors:threat perception and threat definition.Threat perception acts as the primary influence factor determining the U.S.response to international security issues.When U.S.policymakers have a high threat perception of some specific international security issues,they prefer to take unilateralist actions;when the threat perception is low,an isolationist policy would be applied with the reduction of international participation and avoids international responsibility.As the secondary influence factor,threat definition shapes U.S.policy choices along with threat perception.When threat perception is high and threat definition undermines the pillars of international order,the United States would normally adopt a defensive unilateralist policy;when threat perception is high and threat definition does not undermine the pillars of international order,it tends to adopt an offensive unilateralist policy.When the United States responds to international security issues,the idea of maintaining a primacy runs counter to the concept of international security governance,making it difficult to translate its desire to maximize its interests and the rules into a foundational consensus;if it cannot be transformed into a basic consensus,the United States would take actions that are contrary to the norms of international relations and international law,just in order to maintain its primacy.

关 键 词：国际安全 霸权 威胁认知 美国外交战略 安全治理 

分 类 号：D83[政治法律—政治学]