聚焦确实性:当代知识论的新动向(专题讨论·下)  

Focusing on Certainty:New Trends in Contemporary Epistemology(topic for a special discussion·part 2)

作　　者：马芳芳 李国山[2] LI Guo-shan

机构地区：[1]西北大学哲学学院 [2]南开大学哲学院

出　　处：《河北学刊》2024年第3期75-90,共16页Hebei Academic Journal

基　　金：2021年度陕西省教育厅科研计划项目“维特根斯坦哲学视域下的感受质问题研究”(21JK0381);国家社会科学基金重点项目“维特根斯坦主要著作释义与研究”(21AZX012)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：人类究竟能在多大程度上获取知识?古往今来的哲学家一直都在思考这一问题。这便是知识的确实性问题。然而,20世纪的伟大哲学家维特根斯坦却实质性地转换了关于这一问题的思路。他不再将确实性视作附属于知识的某种特性,而是明确提出二者分属不同的范畴,并在最后一年半的生命时光里写下一系列关于这一新论题的笔记。后经其遗嘱执行人的整理,这些笔记以《论确实性》为名于1969年出版。该书在出版之初并没有引起足够多的关注,但随着时间的推移,这部著作逐步对知识论领域造成愈发明显和强烈的冲击。进入21世纪之后,关于维特根斯坦知识论的研究已然成了维特根斯坦研究的一个新热点,各种解读观点层出不穷。可以预期,被视作维特根斯坦的“第三杰作”的《论确实性》仍将持续深刻影响知识论的未来发展。维特根斯坦在书中将确实性描述为我们赖以展开认知活动的一整套前提条件。每一位认知者都必须具备这些条件才能加入到认知实践中去,从而才有望通过自己的探究获取知识。所以,确实性是先于知识被获得的,而且具有完全不同于知识的作用和地位。维特根斯坦将确定性比作门赖以转动的枢轴。本专题集中探究维特根斯坦的知识论贡献,尤其是他关于确实性的极富原创性的论述,并以此为基点,对当代知识论的新动向展开探讨。To what extent can humanity truly acquire knowledge?Philosophers throughout history have been contemplating this is question.This the issue of the certainty of knowledge.Howev⁃er,the great philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein,in the 20th century,substantially shifted perspective.He no longer regarded certainty as a characteristic subsidiary to knowledge;instead,he explicitly stat⁃ed that they belonged to different categories.In the last year and a half of his life,he wrote a series of notes on this new topic,later published as On Certainty in 1969 by his executors.Initially,the book did not attract much attention.However,over time,On Certainty gradually caused more intense im⁃pacts.In the 21st century,research on Wittgenstein’s epistemology has become a new focal point,with various interpretative perspectives emerging.It is expected that On Certainty,considered Wittgen⁃stein’s“third masterpiece”,will continue to significantly influence the future development of episte⁃mology.In the book,Wittgenstein describes certainty as a set of prerequisites necessary for our cogni⁃tive activities.Every cognitive agent must possess these conditions to participate in cognitive practices,thereby having the prospect of acquiring knowledge through their inquiries.Therefore,certainty pre⁃cedes the acquisition of knowledge and holds a status distinct from knowledge.Wittgenstein likens cer⁃tainty to the hinge on which the door pivots.This special discussion focuses on exploring Wittgenstein’s contributions to epistemology,particularly his highly original discourse on certainty.Based on this,the new trend of contemporary epistemology is discussed.

关 键 词：确实性 知识 怀疑 枢轴知识论 描述的知识论 

分 类 号：B15[哲学宗教—世界哲学]