废汽车尾气催化剂特性解析及其对稀贵金属回收的影响  

Analysis of the fundamental characteristics of spent automotive catalytic converter and its effect on rare precious metal recovery

作　　者：史秉寅 钱国余 王志[2] 彭红兵[1] 万朕 SHI Bingyin;QIAN Guoyu;WANG Zhi;PENG Hongbing;WAN Zhen(School of Metallurgy Engineering,Jiangsu University of Science and Technology,Zhangjiagang 215600,Jiangsu,China;Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,National Engineering Research Center for Green Recycling of Strategic Metal Resources,Institute of Process Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China)

机构地区：[1]江苏科技大学冶金工程学院,江苏张家港215600 [2]中国科学院过程工程研究所,中国科学院绿色过程与工程重点实验室,战略金属资源绿色循环利用国家工程研究中心,北京100190

出　　处：《矿冶》2024年第2期240-250,263,共12页Mining And Metallurgy

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(52374418)。

摘　　要：废汽车尾气催化剂是重要的稀贵金属二次资源,随着未来报废汽车的逐渐增加,废汽车尾气催化剂的数量相应增加。当前从废汽车尾气催化剂中回收稀贵金属(铂族金属、稀土金属和稀有金属等)的方法较多,但由于对废汽车尾气催化剂的特性了解不够全面,大多数回收方法在回收率、环境友好性、经济性上都不够理想,亟需对废汽车尾气催化剂进行科学全面地了解。对废汽车尾气催化剂的基本特征、物相及成分组成、废汽车尾气催化剂中PGMs、Ree、Zr等稀贵金属元素的赋存形式、元素迁移及分布状态、熔化过程等进行研究,全面了解废汽车尾气催化剂;揭示了催化剂中铂族金属被部分氧化、活性组分发生渗透转移、有价元素的非均匀分布、催化剂涂层烧损开裂、杂质元素的污染等因素共同造成了催化剂失效退役的失活机理;采用火法熔炼,合理设计选择熔炼渣剂及捕集剂回收其中的稀贵金属,可以有效地避免废催化剂自身特性所带来稀贵金属回收率低效的问题。Spent automotive catalytic converters represent significant secondary resources of rare precious metals.With the increasing number of scrapped cars in the future,the quantity of SACs will correspondingly increase.Thus there are currently many methods for recycling rare precious metals(platinum group metals,rare earth metals,and other rare metals),but due to insufficient understanding of the characteristics of SACs,most recycling methods are not ideal in terms of recovery rate,environmental friendliness,and economic viability.There is a pressing requirement for a dependable and thorough scientific comprehension of SACs.In this paper,to comprehensively understand the spent automotive catalyst converter,a stuy was conducted on the fundamental characteristics,phases and component compositions,the existence form of precious metal elements such as PGMs,Ree,Zr,and the migration and distribution status,melting process of elements.The research has uncovered the deactivation mechanism of catalyst failure and decommissioning,which is caused by various factors including partial oxidation of platinum group metals in the catalyst,permeation and transfer of active components,inhomogeneous distribution of valuable elements,burnout and cracking of the catalyst coating,as well as pollution from impurity elements.The problems caused by the characteristics of waste catalysts can be avoided effectively by using fire smelting and selecting the slag and collector to recover the rare and precious metal.

关 键 词：废汽车尾气催化剂 稀贵金属 铂族金属 湿法浸出 火法熔炼 赋存特征 

分 类 号：TF83[冶金工程—有色金属冶金] TF84