物上担保权益的分层构造及实现保障  

Layered Construction and Realization Guarantee of Proprietary Security Rights and Interests

作　　者：张家勇[1] Zhang Jiayong

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学法学院

出　　处：《中国法学》2024年第2期204-225,共22页China Legal Science

基　　金：2020年度国家社科基金重点项目“中国债法上返还责任规则的统一建构”(项目批准号:20AZD119)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在现行法上,物保限于担保物权形式,在担保物权未设立时,担保人不承担担保责任,仅承担相应的损害赔偿责任。这种法律构造有违当事人在担保合同中约定以特定财产提供担保的合意,未能顾及物上担保权的分层现象,理论构造不彻底,实践效果不佳。在现行担保制度采行形式主义与功能主义结合的模式下,应当区分物保中担保权人的变价权与优先权:变价权作为贯彻物保目的的基本手段,在担保物权设立失败时产生“备位”担保效果;优先权作为保障变价权实现的手段,由债权人自由选择并依法完成担保公示后完善担保效果。就担保公示而言,对不动产担保应严守形式主义的立场;对动产与权利担保则可贯彻功能主义担保观,超越担保公示的设立要件与对抗要件模式之分殊,统一不同担保公示的规范效果。在第三人作为担保人时,担保合同违约赔偿责任是贯彻担保目的的最后手段。Under the current law,proprietary security only takes the form of security interests,and the security provider bears the liability of damages instead of the security liability when a security interest fails to be created.This legal construction is not only contrary to the parties'agreement under the security contract to provide security with specific property,but also neglects the layered structure of proprietary security rights.As a result,the construction is incomplete in theory and unsatisfactory in practice.Under the current security system,which combines both formalism and functionalism,a distinction should be made between the right to liquidate the collateral and the right of priority of the security interest holder.The right to liquidate,as a basic means to realize the purpose of proprietary security,has the effect of ancillary'security where the security interest is not created successfully.As a safeguard for liquidation which can perfect the proprietary security,the right of priority is dependent on the creditor's free choice and the completion of publicity according to law.With regard to publicity,the formalism should be strictly adhered to in security over immovable property,and the functionalism can be implemented in security over movables by refusing the distinction between constitutive effect and declaratory effect of publicity and unifying the normative effects of different types of publicity.Where it is a third party who provides security,the liability of compensation for breach of the contract is the last method to realize the security purpose.

关 键 词：物上担保权 担保目的 担保权益 担保物权 赔偿责任 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]