形式分析何以把握现实问题中的本质关系——《资本论》中的拜物教批判理论探析  

How Does the Formal Analysis Grasp the Essential Relationships in Real-world Issues?An Exploration into Marx's Critique of Fetishism in The Capital

作　　者：杨洪源 Yang Hongyuan

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学哲学院 [2]中国社会科学院哲学研究所

出　　处：《哲学研究》2024年第3期18-25,124,共9页Philosophical Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“以现实问题为导向的《资本论》哲学思想研究”(编号19CZX003)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：形式分析之所以能够揭示现实问题中的本质关系,就在于它绝非把形式范畴视为不言自明的事实从而消解现实问题,而是秉持逻辑与历史相统一的原则,追问形式范畴的成因、过程及实质,并基于此指出解决问题的根本方式。《资本论》中的拜物教批判理论,就是马克思运用形式分析方法把握本质关系的典型例证。他一方面通过价值形式分析,论证商品拜物教的现实根源在于生产商品的劳动的社会性,指明它所具有的社会存在和社会意识的双重属性;另一方面从商品交换和货币流通出发,对货币形式与资本形式的产生和发展进行考察,揭示货币拜物教及资本拜物教的秘密,阐明资本从价值自行增殖直至成为全部社会关系的主宰的过程。由此,马克思立足于复归真正的人与人之间的关系,提出超越人们的普遍观念,以“自由人的联合体”来实现对资本拜物教的扬弃。The reason why the formal analysis can reveal the essential relationships in issues of the real world consists in its refusal to understand formal categories as self-evident facts that would in this way dissolve real problems.Instead,it adheres to the principle of unity between logic and history,searching for the causes,processes,and essences of formal categories,and on the basis of this,putting forward fundamental solutions to problems.Marx's critique of fetishism in The Capital serves as a typical example of Marx's application of the formal analysis to grasp essential relationships.On the one hand,by analyzing the form of value,Marx argues that the real root of commodity fetishism lies in the social nature of labor in commodity production,hence clarifying its dual attributes in terms of social existence and social consciousness.On the other hand,starting from commodity exchange and currency circulation,he examines the emergence and development of forms of currency and capital,not only pointing out the secrets of currency fetishism and capital fetishism,but also elucidating the process by which capital increases value autonomously and becomes the master of all social relations.Thus,turning his attention back to true human relationships,Marx proposes to transcend common perceptions and achieve the"sublation"(Aufheben)of capitalist fetishism through the concept of"the community of free individuals".

关 键 词：形式分析 斤本质关系 商品拜物教 货币拜物教 资本拜物教 

分 类 号：B0-0[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]