18世纪英格兰的家庭养老模式及其性别差异  

The Family Supporting Pattern and Its Gender Difference in Eighteenth Century England

作　　者：刘曼慈 张晓华[2] Liu Manci;Zhang Xiaohua

机构地区：[1]哈尔滨师范大学历史文化学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150000 [2]东北师范大学世界中古史研究所,吉林长春130024

出　　处：《外国问题研究》2024年第1期69-80,158,共13页FOREIGN HISTORY STUDIES

摘　　要：18世纪被史学家誉为英格兰老人的黄金时代,是家庭养老、教区养老和济贫机构养老模式合力作用的结果。其中,家庭养老模式更受老人欢迎,主要由老人、配偶、子女、亲属或亲近者提供衣食住行、医疗和精神抚慰等养老资源,更适于有居家意愿,对家庭有依赖,并具一定经济来源的老人。这一模式是资本主义原始积累时期转向资本主义自由竞争时期老年群体在财富、资源有限情况下的习惯约定与暂时满足,它除了具有通常意义上的阶层差异外,还呈现出明显的性别差异:老年男性处于相对优势地位,他们更容易获得养老资源,依赖配偶和未婚子女照料。而老年女性则依赖丈夫收入,更倾向子女的家庭照料。以上差异反映了18世纪英格兰社会养老资源的覆盖程度、家庭养老的承受能力以及老年女性的社会地位。The 18th century is regarded as the golden Age of the old people in England by historians,which was attributed to the combined effect of family supporting patterns,parish supporting patterns and the institutions for the poor supporting patterns.Among them,the family supporting pattern is more popular among the old people.This pattern was mainly provided by the old people,their spouses,children,relatives or close friends with clothing,diet,accommodation,transportation,medical care and spiritual comfort and other pension resources.It was more suitable for the old people who are willing to stay at home,have family members to rely on and have a certain source of income.This pattern was the customary agreement and the temporary satisfaction under the environment of limited wealth and resources in the period of primitive accumulation of capitalism to the periold of free competition.In addition to the usual class differences,this pattern also showed a significant gender difference,the old men were in a comparative advantage position,they were easier to obtain pension resources,and rely on their spouses and unmarried children's care.The old women relied on their husbands'income and prefer family care for their children.The above differences reflect the coverage of social pension resources,the affordability of family pension and the social status of old women in England in the 18th century.

关 键 词：家庭养老模式 养老资源 性别差异 英格兰 18世纪 

分 类 号：K561.4[历史地理—历史学] D756.1[历史地理—世界史]