论慈善法中的公益——从“二要素说”到“四阶层说”  

Public Benefit in the Chinese Charity Law——From the“Two-element Theory”to the“Four-tier Theory”

作　　者：吕鑫[1] Lyu Xin

机构地区：[1]浙江工业大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2024年第2期109-123,共15页Global Law Review

基　　金：2020年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“慈善事业作为第三次分配机制的法治保障研究”(20&ZD184)的研究成果。

摘　　要：由于《慈善法》在规范层面上并未具体界定“公益”的概念,就导致在实践层面上无法有效地识别法律中的慈善(活动)。而从有效地识别各类慈善(活动)的角度出发,学术界的主流观点认为有必要在理论层面上移植有关“公益”概念界定的最为经典的“二要素说”。然而,《慈善法》此前在形式上尽管看似并没有借鉴“二要素说”,但如果在横向上将“公共性”要素与“有益性”要素予以展开分析,就可以发现该法及其配套法规、规章的有关规定已经在实质层面体现了“公共性”要素与“有益性”要素的内涵,但同时仍然存在识别问题。这也就意味着必须在纵向上对传统的两大要素作更为深入的界定,并通过引入对其内涵创新的“四阶层说”,建构起传统与创新合理衔接、形式与内容有效融合的“公益”之概念,如此才能真正有效地识别法律中的慈善(活动)。Although the Chinese Charity Law regards“public benefit”as an essential attribute of charitable activities in the regulatory aspect,it does not provide a specific definition for this important concept.This lack of precise definition makes it challenging to formulate a systematic set of rules needed to identify charitable activities,thereby hindering the effective identification of various types of legal charitable activities in practice,which has sparked a discussion among academia about the concept of“public benefit”in the Chinese Charity Law.After a series of debates,the mainstream view among academics believes it is necessary to transplant the most classical“two-element theory”of defining the concept of“public benefit”from the theory of charity law of common law countries.This theory decomposes the concept of“public benefit”into two parallel elements:the“public”element and the“benefit”element.By describing the connotations of these two elements and emphasizing each of them independently and in combination,it gives a specific definition of the concept of“public benefit”,thereby providing foundational rules for identifying legal charitable activities.Although the Chinese Charity Law has not appeared to directly adopt the“two-element theory”,by analyzing the“public”element and the“benefit”element,it can be found that the relevant provisions of the law and its supporting administrative regulations and government rules have substantively reflected the connotations of“public”element and the“benefit”element.Still,the problems of identification suggest that merely transplanting the“two-element theory”from charity laws of common law countries is not sufficient for effectively identifying the diverse and complex legal charitable activities in the Chinese practice.In this sense,to effectively identify different types of legal charitable activities,it is necessary not only to transplant the traditional“two-element theory”but also to construct the“four-tier theo

关 键 词：公益 慈善法 二要素说 四阶层说 

分 类 号：D922.182.3[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]