提单管辖条款的法律效力:实践审视与规则续造  

The Legal Effect of Jurisdictional Provisions on Bill of Lading-Practical Examinations and Rule Continuation

作　　者：荆鸣 Jing Ming

机构地区：[1]复旦大学一带一路及全球治理研究院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2024年第2期209-224,共16页Global Law Review

基　　金：2023年度研究阐释党的二十大精神国家社会科学基金重大项目“完善特别行政区司法制度和法律体系研究”(23ZDA121)的研究成果。

摘　　要：提单管辖条款是承运人寻求对其最有利的法院和准据法以规避诉讼风险的产物。我国现行法律部分承认提单管辖条款的效力,但零散模糊,缺乏可预见性。该条款是协议管辖的特殊形式,以意思自治为基础,其法律效力的争议核心是对当事人合意的解释与限制。我国司法实践中选择域外法院的大多无效,缺乏实际联系、不符合格式条款要求、不能反映当事人合意是常见理由。我国续造提单管辖规则的路径应当是,在基本立场上平衡司法主权和国际礼让原则,确立以客观联系为基础的实际联系标准;在具体规则上对当事人意思自治予以合理尊重,参照国际公约标准明确格式条款的具体要求。纾解提单管辖理论争议,有助于发展我国协议管辖制度,并逐步协调司法实践。The jurisdictional clause on bill of lading is a product of the carrier's effort to seek the most favorable court and applicable law to avoid litigation risks.The current laws in China partially recognize the effect of the jurisdictional clauses on bills of lading,but they are scattered,vague,and lack predictability.Such clauses are a special form of agreement jurisdiction and their theoretical source is the principle of autonomy of will.There is a theoretical controversy over the legal effect of such clause and at the core of the controversy are different interpretations of the"limitations on the autonomy of will".In judicial practice in China,the choice of courts outside jurisdiction is mostly invalid for such reasons as lack of practical connection,non-compliance with standard terms,and inability to reflect the agreement of the parties involved.Approaches to establishing China's rules on the jurisdiction over bill of lading clauses include balancing judicial sovereignty and international comity,formulating objective connection as the basis for practical connection standards,and constructing specific rules by clarifying the specific requirements of standard clauses.Resolving the relevant theoretical controversy with the legal effect of jurisdictional clause on bill of lading contributes to the development of the agreement jurisdiction system and the gradual coordination of judicial practices in China.In recent years,the international situation has undergone significant changes and the number of maritime cases accepted by Chinese courts has increased drastically.The increase in bill-of-lading disputes is particularly prominent.Through a jurisdictional clause,the parties directly agree in a bill of lading the court with jurisdiction over disputes arising from the bill of lading.Clarifying the legal effect of such clauses enhances judicial efficiency and the predictability of judicial documents.However,neither the Chinese Civil Code nor the Maritime Law of China directly stipulates the legal effect of jurisdiction

关 键 词：提单管辖条款 协议管辖 实际联系 格式条款 

分 类 号：D922.294[政治法律—经济法学] D996.19[政治法律—法学]