埃塞俄比亚提格雷人问题的多重面向  

The Multi-dimensionality of the Tigrayan Issue in Ethiopia

作　　者：王涛 杨昊东 Tao Wang;Haodong Yang

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学非洲研究院,金华321004 [2]云南大学国际关系研院,昆明650091

出　　处：《世界民族》2024年第2期72-87,共16页Journal of World Peoples Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“中非命运共同体理念下撒哈拉以南非洲的土地冲突及治理研究”(项目编号:22GGJ038)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：埃塞俄比亚提格雷人问题有深刻的历史根源。贵族对中央权力的争夺与对地方自治权的维护、农民生存压力的增加引发20世纪40年代“沃亚内叛乱”。虽然在叛乱中出现了分离主义主张,但更多人关注的是赋税问题,期待政府政策的调整。平息叛乱后,中央政府进一步将提格雷人边缘化,当地生存环境未得到改善,引发70年代由知识分子领导的提格雷人民族主义运动。“提人阵”宣称分离建国主张,但随着力量对比的改变转而寻求夺取中央政权,并以民族联邦制改造埃塞国家。1991年执政以来,“提人阵”试图在政治、经济上控制其他族群,在国家层面扩张提格雷人特权。随着“提人阵”最终丧失中央政权,“繁荣党”重启集权化改革,提格雷人再次提出分离主义与族群自治的主张,2020年内战由此爆发。提格雷人摇摆于“按自身心意改造埃塞国家”与“分离独立建国”两端,但从未做好分离建国的准备;提格雷人反对其他族群对本族自治权的侵犯,但在执政时却屡屡侵犯其他族群权益,试图建立扩张至全国的、可容纳其他族群忠顺者的提格雷人特权网络。提格雷人兼取统一、自治、分离等理念并在不同时期有所侧重。其中,统一是提格雷人自治权的扩大化与特权化,分离则是提格雷人突破自治、维护自身权利的最后手段。The Tigrayan issue in Ethiopia has deep historical roots.The nobles'struggle for the central power,the maintenance of local autonomy,and the increasing survival pressure of peasants led to the"Woyane Revolt"in the 1940s.Despite the emergence of separatist claims in the revolt,more people were concerned about the issue of taxation,and expected the government to adjust its policies.After the revolt was quelled,the central government further marginalized the Tigrayan people,and the local living conditions were not improved,thus resulting in the Tigrayan nationalist movement led by the intellectuals in the 197Os.In the course of the conflict,the TPLF claimed independence and statehood,but as the balance of power changed,it sought to seize the central power and transform the state of Ethiopia into an ethnic federal system.After coming to power in 1991,the TPLF sought to exert political and economic control over other ethnic groups and expand the privileges of the Tigrayan people at the national level.With the eventual loss of central power to the Ethiopian Prosperity Party(EPP)that restarted the centralization reform,the Tigrayan people once again proposed separation and ethnic autonomy,leading to the outbreak of a civil war in 2020.The Tigrayan people wavered between"transforming Ethiopia according to their own will"and"separation to build an independent state",but they have never got ready to separate and build a state of their own.The Tigrayans opposed the encroachment of other ethnic groups on their own autonomy,but they repeatedly violated the rights of other ethnic groups when they were in power,trying to establish a network of Tigrayan privileges that would extend throughout the country and accommodate the loyalists of other ethnic groups.The Tigrayans embrace the ideas of unity,autonomy,separation and so on,but focus on each of them in different periods.Among them,unity is intended for the expansion of the Tigrayan people's autonomy and privileges,while separation is the last resort of their assertion of ethni

关 键 词：埃塞俄比亚 提格雷人问题 分离主义 族群自治 民族联邦制 

分 类 号：D74[政治法律—政治学]