对外关系法立法实践考察——基于中国与澳大利亚对外关系法的比较  

A Survey on Legislation Practice of Foreign Relations Law:A Comparison Between China's Foreign Relations Law and Australia's Foreign Relations Act

作　　者：韩永红[1] 王振杰 Han Yonghong;Wang Zhenjie

机构地区：[1]广东外语外贸大学法学院

出　　处：《国际法研究》2024年第2期52-66,共15页Chinese Review of International Law

基　　金：国家社科基金课题“中国对外援助基本法构建研究”(项目批准号:19BFX200)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：当前,对外关系呈现法治化发展倾向,国家对于对外关系的规制开始从以政策为主转向法律与政策并用,其中突出表现之一是部分国家开始制定、颁布专门性的对外关系立法。《中华人民共和国对外关系法》(下文简称中国《对外关系法》)和《澳大利亚2020年对外关系法》(下文简称澳大利亚《对外关系法》)的颁布为考察对外关系立法实践提供了比对样本。前者的内容具有综合性和基础性,后者的核心内容主要涉及对其州和领地政府对外签署协议的审查与批准,具有专门性。二者在条约和协定缔结权、批准权和废除权的分配,中央与地方对外事务权的分配,适用的领域范围及主体范围等方面存在共性和差异性。着眼于推进中国《对外关系法》的实施和对外关系法治化建设的需要,中国应在《对外关系法》原则性、授权性规范的基础上,明确赋予地方政府在经济、贸易、文化、民间交流等活动中签订备忘录等非条约性协议的权力。中国应建立条约适用的规则体系,包括制定条约适用法及授权最高人民法院根据司法实践中适用条约的经验和需要制定司法解释,以及制定、完善对外关系分领域(如对外援助)的立法体系,统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治。States'foreign relations are showing a trend of legalization.Regulation of foreign relations in states has shifted from policy-oriented model to the combination of law and policy.A prominent manifestation is that some states have begun to formulate and promulgate specialized foreign relations legislations.The promulgation of China's Foreign Relations Law and Australia's Foreign Relations Act provides a comparative sample for examining foreign relations legislation practice.The content of the former is comprehensive and fundamental,while the core content of the latter mainly involves the review and approval of foreign arrangements signed by the state and territory governments with foreign countries,and has specificity.There are similarities and differences between the two in terms of the allocation of treaty and agreement signing power,approval power,and revocation power,the allocation of central and local foreign affairs power,the scope of application and subjects.Focusing on promoting the implementation of China's Foreign Relations Law and the construction of the rule of law in foreign relations,it is suggested that China should,based on the principles and authorizing norms of the Foreign Relations Law,clearly empower local governments to sign non-treaty agreements such as memorandums in economic,trade,cultural,and civil exchange fields,as well as their review and filing procedures.A system of rules for the application of treaties in China should be established including the formulation of the Treaty Application Law and authorizing the Supreme People's Court to formulate judicial interpretations based on the experience and needs of applying treaties in judicial practice.And legislation on foreign relations in different fields(such as foreign aid)should be formulated and improved,with a view to promoting coordination between domestic rule of law and foreign rule of law.

关 键 词：对外关系法 对外关系法治化 对外事务权 纵向分配 条约适用 

分 类 号：D908[政治法律—法学理论] D912.1[政治法律—法学]