网络空间累积性自卫的理论解构与因应思考  

Theoretical Deconstruction and Practical Response of Cumulative Self-Defense in Cyberspace

作　　者：张磊 Zhang Lei

机构地区：[1]武汉大学国际法研究所

出　　处：《国际法研究》2024年第2期80-95,共16页Chinese Review of International Law

基　　金：2020年国家社科基金重大项目“网络空间国际规则博弈的中国主张与话语权研究”(20&ZD204)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：近年来,一些国家和国际组织相继主张网络攻击的累积效果可视同武力攻击。构成武力攻击是合法诉诸自卫权的前提条件,这种由攻击的累积效果触发自卫权的模式被称为累积性自卫。累积性自卫概念包含行为主体的同一性或协同性、攻击行为的关联性、复合义务的追溯性、不法行为的持续性和以效果标准评估是否构成武力攻击等要素。国际法上对累积效果的考察起源于事件累积理论或“针刺理论”,后在《国家对国际不法行为的责任条款草案》第15条“复合行为违反国际法义务”中得以确认,并在“爱尔兰诉英国案”“伊朗诉美国石油平台案”等司法判例中得以应用。国内刑法中的聚合原则为累积性自卫提供了一定法理依据。累积性自卫充分适应网络空间的虚拟性、大多为低烈度攻击和代理人攻击以及关联性攻击等属性,但也具有累积因子的不法性与严重性存在分歧,累积模式采用线性或加权迭加的任择性,累积效果的计量周期与关联性不明,以及模糊、主观的累积门槛等内在缺陷。中国秉持“不鼓励或将冲突合法化”的基本立场,可以从累积性自卫的法律内涵存在较大不确定性,“政治决定”赋予无限自由裁量权,以及违背善意履行国际义务原则与和平解决国际争端原则等三方面,明确反对网络空间自卫权被扩大解释的倾向。In recent years,some countries and international organizations have proposed that the cumulative effects of cyber attacks can be considered as an armed attack.Constituting an armed attack is a prerequisite for legitimate recourse to the right of self-defense,and this model of self-defense triggered by the cumulative effects of attacks is known as“cumulative self-defense”.The theory of cumulative self-defense has elements such as the identity or synergy of the actors,the correlation of attack behavior,the traceability of composite obligations,the continuity of unlawful behavior,and the evaluation of whether it constitutes an armed attack based on effectiveness standards.The research of cumulative effects in international law originated from the theory of event accumulation or nadelstichtaktik theory,which was later confirmed in Article 15 of the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts,which states that composite acts violate international legal obligations,and applied in judicial precedents such as Ireland v.United Kingdom case and Iran u.United States case.The principle of aggregation in domestic criminal law has actually become a general principle of law in the sense of international law resource,providing some theoretical basis for the theory of cumulative self-defense.This theory fully adapts to the virtual nature,low intensity attacks,multi-agent attacks,and multi-correlation attacks of the cyberspace,but it also has inherent shortcomings such as the divergence of illegality and severity of accumulation factors,the selectivity of linear or weighted superposition of cumulative modes,the unclear measurement period and correlation of cumulative effects,and the ambiguity,subjectivity,and political nature of cumulative thresholds.Based on the basic position of the Chinese government that“does not encourage or legalize conflicts”,it may be clarified from three aspects.There is significant uncertainty in the legal connotation of this theory.Besides,“political decisi

关 键 词：自卫权 累积性自卫 诉诸武力权 使用武力 网络空间国际法 

分 类 号：D99[政治法律—国际法学]