矿山地质环境灾变与保护修复研究现状与展望  

Research Status and Prospect of Mining-induced Geo-environmental Hazards and GeologicalEnvironment Protection

作　　者：于洋 陈炳乾 花奋奋 康建荣 YU Yang;CHEN Bingqian;HUA Fenfen;KANG Jianrong(School of Geography,Geomatics and Planning,Jiangsu Normal University,Xuzhou 221116,China)

机构地区：[1]江苏师范大学地理测绘与城乡规划学院,江苏徐州221116

出　　处：《金属矿山》2024年第3期1-18,共18页Metal Mine

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(编号:41907240);徐州市重点研发计划(社会发展)项目(编号:KC20180);中国博士后基金项目(编号:2019M663601)。

摘　　要：矿山开采不仅会引发地表沉降、建(构)筑物损毁等安全灾害,还会造成土壤环境破坏、生态系统退化等生态环境灾害。地质环境灾害的类型和特征与采矿方法有关,并且多种地质环境灾害的发生具有耦合性。我国常采用自由垮落、支护加固和剥离排土3种方法处理采区覆岩,分别形成了以长壁垮落法开采、柱式开采和露天开采为代表的3类采空区。综述了3类采区的地质灾害致灾机理、灾害链网形成机制,讨论了地质灾害监测、多灾耦合研究中存在的问题。研究表明:①矿区地质环境灾害主要包括工程安全灾害和生态环境灾害两大类,前者表现为地物空间位置改变引起的采动附加应力损坏各类工程体,后者反映为地物属性变化引起的生态要素缺失和物质能量流动改变;②不同地质环境灾害之间存在耦合性,一种地质环境灾害的出现可能引起一系列次生灾害,形成灾害链网,虽然变形监测、遥感等技术可用于获取地物位置、属性信息,但由于地质环境灾害成灾的复杂性以及传统单一监测预测技术手段的局限性,目前难以对地质灾害进行准确预报预测;③应整合已有的各类变形监测、遥感、传感器、工程检测等技术构建“空—天—建—地—井—人”监测技术体系,融合多源地质环境数据探明矿区物理环境场。在上述分析的基础上,基于多学科交叉视角对矿区地质环境灾害的未来研究方向进行了展望。认为后续研究重点在于:①完善多源数据标准化工作,加强数据安全共享,构建地质环境保护“知识库”;②依托AI辅助和地质环境保护“知识库”,研究矿区多灾耦合机理,明确致灾关键因素,构建灾害链网;③基于灾害链网加强跨学科研究,融合多源数据—模型形成“透明地质条件—矿山开采设计—采动损害/物理场分布特征评价—工程安全预测评价/生态过程预测评价—工�Mining activities result in both geological hazards(e.g.,ground subsidence,infrastructure damages,etc.)and environmental hazards(e.g.,soil degradation,ecosystem degradation,etc.)across the mining areas.The types and fea-tures of mining-induced hazards are controlled by the mining methods,and the occurrence of multiple geo-environmental haz-ards are coupled with each other like a chain or net.Three methods are usually adopted to deal with the overburden rock above the deposit during the mining activities:letting the overburden cave in freely without support,leaving mineral pillars to support the overburden,and stripping and moving away the overburden,which leads to the formations of longwall mining goaf,partial mining goaf and open pit goaf,respectively.This paper summarized the mechanism of geo-environmental hazards of these three kinds of goafs.The formation mechanism of disaster chain induced by multi-coupled geo-environmental hazards is discussed.Then the existing problems in geo-environmental monitoring and mining-induced disaster chain studying are analyzed.The re-sults show that:①The geo-environmental hazards in mining areas mainly consist of engineering disaster and ecological envi-ronmental disaster.The former is manifested as the damages of engineering structures caused by the additional mining stress that induced by the changes in spatial positions of ground objects,while the latter is reflected in the loss of ecological compo-nents and the changes in energy and material flow that induced by the property changes of land objects.②As different geo-en-vironmental hazards are coupled,a geo-environmental disaster may lead to a series of secondary disasters and finally forming a disaster net.Although the deformation monitoring techniques,remote sensing techniques,etc.can be used to obtain the locations and properties of ground objects,but the complexity of geo-environmental hazard formation and the shortages of a single monito-ring or forecasting technique make it hard to provide an accurate forecasting o

关 键 词：地质环境灾害 长壁开采 柱式开采 露天开采 生态修复 绿色矿山 多学科交叉 

分 类 号：TD167[矿业工程—矿山地质测量] TD164TD88