冷战视野下艾森豪威尔政府对小石城事件的应对  

The Eisenhower Administration's Response to the Little Rock School Integration Crisis in the Perspective of the Cold War

作　　者：谢国荣 Xie Guorong

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学历史学系

出　　处：《世界历史》2024年第1期1-18,I0002,共19页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“美国民权运动史”(项目编号:22&ZD252)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：1957年9月4日,阿肯色州州长福伯斯公然派遣州国民警卫队,阻止小石城中心高中进行种族合校。小石城事件凸显了美国种族歧视问题的严重性,不仅受到非西方世界的广泛谴责,还引起美国盟友的深切担忧,严重损害了美国国家形象和声誉。为了维护国家声誉,尽可能消除该事件在全世界造成的负面影响,艾森豪威尔政府不惜动用军队干预小石城事件。事后,美国政府还在国际社会进行解释和宣传,以证明自己是“人权卫士”。实际上,小石城事件并没有引发大规模的种族骚乱,美国黑人也未采取激烈的抗争,但美国政府以较为罕见的军队介入的方式处理州内非叛乱性事态,表明此举是具有高度象征性的政治行动,旨在增强美式民主制度的“感召力”。在冷战背景下,小石城事件进一步推动了美国政治的“联邦化”,南部州政府开始丧失在种族事务上的主导地位。这种改变为美国民权运动的蓬勃发展铺平了道路,为种族隔离制度的最终废除奠定了基础。On 4 September 1957,the first day of Central High School in Little Rock,the governor of Arkansas,Orval Faubus,called in the National Guard to block the African American students'entry into the high school.The Little Rock School Integration Crisis broke out and attracted world-wide attention.It revealed the seriousness of the racial discrimination in the U.S.,which was not only widely condemned by the socialist countries and aroused the deep concern of the U.S.allies,but also seriously damaged the national image and reputation of the U.S.In order to preserve reputation and eliminate the negative impact around the world as much as possible,President Dwight Eisenhower ordered the troops to intervene the'Little Rock Crisis'.Afterwards,the U.S.government explained and propagandised in the international community,attempting to demonstrate itself as human rights defender'.As a matter of fact,the‘Little Rock Crisis'did not provoke large-scale racial riots,nor did the blacks take any fierce resistance.However,facing the non-insurgent situation,the U.S.government took military action to intervene the state affair,which was relatively a rare action.The highly symbolic political action aimed at enhancing the'public appeal'of the American democracy.In context of the Cold War,the‘Little Rock Crisis'promoted the‘federalism'of the American politics,then the Southern state governments began to lose their upper hand in racial issues.This change paved the way for civil rights movement and laid the foundation for the termination of the racial segregation.

关 键 词：冷战 艾森豪威尔政府 种族合校 小石城事件 国家形象 民权改革 

分 类 号：K712[历史地理—历史学]