文化观念变迁与北美印第安人同化教育的兴衰  

Evolution of Cultural Ideas and Transformation of Assimilative Education towards the North American Indians

作　　者：付成双[1,2] 刘勃然 Fu Chengshuang;Liu Boran

机构地区：[1]南开大学世界近现代史研究中心 [2]中国社会科学院加拿大研究中心 [3]蒙古科学院国际研究所

出　　处：《世界历史》2024年第1期19-32,I0002,I0003,共16页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“白人种族主义与美国有色族裔的文化认同研究”(项目编号:21ASS001);国家社科基金哲社会科学领军人大项日“北美印第安人的传统生太智慧及其现代音义研究”(项目编号:22VRC133)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：来到北美大陆的白人殖民者为了掠夺印第安人的土地,除了赤裸裸的武装征服以外,还基于其白人种族主义偏见,在文明进步观和基督教使命观的推动下对后者进行所谓的“文明开化”。在印第安人被驱赶进保留地以后,为了掠夺印第安人剩余的土地,从文化上消灭“野蛮人”,美加两国政府又对印第安人推行强制同化政策。此举除了给后者造成了永久的伤害外,并没有实现把印第安人融入白人主流社会的目标。20世纪初,随着文明进步观的衰落和文化相对主义的兴起,强制同化政策和寄宿教育遭到批判并逐渐被美加两国政府废止。此后,文化多元主义和教育自决成为北美印第安文化发展的新目标。这不仅是印第安人和整个北美社会反对白人种族主义歧视的结果,同时也是北美社会抛弃文明进步观拥抱文化多元主义的产物。The European colonisers tried all means to occupy the lands belonging to the North American Indians after they landed on the new continent.Besides the naked conquer by force of arms,the European colonisers,who had been imbued with the white racial prejudice,the Christian missionary ideas and cultural progressivism,also carried out the so-called'civilising policy'towards the Indians.In order to plunder the remaining lands of the Indians and exterminate the‘savage culture',the U.S.and Canadian federal governments implemented a set of policies of forced assimilation after the American Indians were driven into reservations in the late 19t"century.However,it only caused permanent damages to the native American culture,rather than fulilling the goal of incorporating Indians into the mainstream society of North America.Along with the rise of cultural relativism and the decline of the progressive perception of civilisations,the policies of forced assimilation and boarding schools were severely criticised by the North American society and were gradually abolished by the U.S.and Canadian governments in the early 2o"century.Afterwards,multiculturalism and selfdetermination in education have become the new goal for the development of the North American Indian culture.The transformation experienced by the native American culture in the U.S.and Canada is not only the result of the struggle of the Indians and the entire North American society against the white racial prejudice,but also the victory of multiculturalism over the outdated progressive perception of civilisations of the contemporary human society.

关 键 词：北美印第安人 同化教育 寄宿学校 种族主义 文明进步观 文化相对主义 

分 类 号：K107[历史地理—历史学]