马穆鲁克王朝时期红海——地中海商贸的兴衰  

The Rise and Fall of the Commerce in the Red Sea-Mediterranean Region during the Mamluk Sultanate

作　　者：何志龙[1] 顾恺琴 He Zhilong;Gu Kaiqin

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2024年第1期97-113,I0005,I0006,共19页World History

基　　金：陕西师范大学2023年“一带一路”文化研究院高水平成果资助计划资助(项目编号:23YDYLG001);是国家社科基金重大招标项目“中东现代民族和国家构建的多维比较研究”(项目编号:20&ZD240)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：13世纪后期,埃及马穆鲁克王朝内部趋于稳定,通过第二次霍姆斯战役大败伊尔汗国,解除了蒙古势力对叙利亚的威胁,随后又彻底清除了十字军对地中海东岸的占领。消除了内忧外患的马穆鲁克王朝重视农业和商贸的发展,兴修尼罗河灌溉工程,修缮尼罗河、红海和东地中海沿岸港口,疏通海路和陆路商道,逐渐建立起以王朝首都开罗为中心,联通埃及-地中海贸易与埃及-红海贸易,形成了传统与新兴贸易线路交织、海路与陆路商贸站点结合的商贸网络。其商贸范围西到利比亚沙漠直至昔兰尼加,南抵尼罗河两岸及努比亚地区,北至地中海沿岸与黎凡特地区至幼发拉底河沿岸,东达红海及汉志和伊拉克地区,成为东西方贸易交往的枢纽和桥梁。但从14世纪末开始,马穆鲁克王朝商贸发展在经济政策失衡与货币制度失效、自然灾害与瘟疫频发、地区战争袭扰等影响下陷入停滞。在欧洲大航海时代来临之际,马穆鲁克王朝掌控下的红海-地中海商贸走向了衰落。At the end of the 13^(th) century,the poltical situation gradually stabilised within the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.Through the victory over the llkhanate in the Second Battle of Homs,it removed the threat of the Mongol power to Syria.Afterwards,it completely ended the Crusaders'occupation of the eastern Mediterranean coast.After eliminating the domestic trouble and foreign invasion,the Mamluk Sultanate began to paid more attention to the development of agriculture and commerce.It built irrigation projects along the Nile River,repaired the ports along the Nile River,the Red Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean,and opened up the maritime and overland trade routes.On such basis,the trade circle centred on Cario,the capital of the dynasty,was gradually established,which connected Egyptian-Mediterranean trade and Egyptian-Red Sea trade,forming the interweaved traditional and emerging trade routes and the combined maritime and overland trade stations.The trade circle extended to the Libyan Desert and Cyrenaica in the West,to the Nile River coast and Nubia in the South,to the Mediterranean coast,the Levant and the Euphrates River coast in the North,and to the Red Sea,Hejaz and Iraq in the East respectively.Accordingly,the Mamluk Sultanate became the hub and bridge for East-West trade.However,since the end of the 14^(th) century,the commercial development of the Mamluk Sultanate came to a standstill under the influence of various factors,such as unbalanced economic policies and the failure of the monetary system,continuous natural disasters and plagues,and regional wars.In the eve of the European Age of Discovery',the Red Sea-Mediterranean trade which was under the control of the Mamluk Sultanate eventually fell into the decline.

关 键 词：埃及 马穆鲁克王朝 红海—地中海 商贸网络 东西方贸易 

分 类 号：F125[经济管理—世界经济]