11世纪金币贬值问题及其对拜占庭帝国的影响  

The Debasement Issue of the Nomisma and the Corresponding Impact on the Byzantine Empire in the 11^(th) Century

作　　者：陈悦[1] Chen Yue

机构地区：[1]安徽师范大学历史学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2024年第1期131-146,I0007,共17页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目“11世纪拜占庭帝国女皇现象研究”(项目编号:20FSSB010);安徽省高校杰出青年科研项目“中西古典文明价值观互鉴研究”(项目批准号:2023AH020031)的资助。

摘　　要：在11世纪,拜占庭金币纯度从约24克拉下降到约8克拉。这是700多年来拜占庭足金金币的首次贬值,终结了拜占庭金币的超稳定状态。在拜占庭帝国,金币是皇权的象征,也是皇帝维持中央集权统治的工具。在政治和军事层面,拜占庭皇帝主要用金币支付军饷和各级官僚薪俸,维持官僚体系正常运转。在经济层面,拜占庭皇帝强迫农民用金币纳税,参与市场经济活动。随着拜占庭帝国货币化税收的不断推进,以金币为纽带的国家机器实现了有效运行。11世纪的金币贬值对拜占庭帝国的政治、经济和军事造成了巨大而深远的影响。金币贬值引发了税制崩溃和军事危机,并终结了以金币为支付方式的官僚薪俸体系。由金币贬值所导致的拜占庭帝国薪俸支付方式的改变,使得帝国后期形成了地方割据和分裂格局。原本繁荣昌盛的拜占庭帝国从此进入了贵族内讧的历史阶段,走向了逐渐衰亡的道路。因此,金币贬值问题为我们理解11世纪拜占庭帝国由盛转衰提供了一个新的视角。During the 11^(th) century,the nomisma(the gold coin)suffered a debasement,with the purity of the coinage falling from 24 carats to 8 carats.The debasement marked the end of ultra stability of the nomisma in more than seven centuries.In the Byzantine Empire,the nomisma was both a symbol of the imperial power and a tool for the emperor to maintain the centralised rule.The Byzantine emperors paid remunerations of the army and the bureaucrats with the nomisma mainly.Meanwhile,they forced the peasants to pay taxes in nomisma.As the taxation system was gradually monetised,the apparatus of the state was effectively functioning with the link of the nomisma.The debasement of the nomisma in the 11"century had a huge and profound impact on the political,economic,and military ffairs of the Byzantine Empire,and led to the collapse of the taxation system and caused a military crisis.During this process,the Roga which was based on gold coins drew to a close.Afterwards,the payments of the remunerations changed,which led to the separatism.The history of the Byzantine Empire entered into a stage of aristocratic rivalry and the empire declined gradually.Therefore,the debasement issue of the nomisma provides a new perspective on the decline of the Byzantine Empire in the 11^(th)century.

关 键 词：拜占庭帝国 金币贬值 国家治理 中央集权 官僚体系 

分 类 号：K134[历史地理—历史学]