秦汉病方类文本发展初探——基于北大秦简《病方》的考察  

The Formation of “Recipes for Ailments” in the Qin and Western Han

作　　者：田天 TIAN Tian(School of Archaeology and Museology,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学考古文博学院,北京100871

出　　处：《自然科学史研究》2024年第1期1-14,共14页Studies in The History of Natural Sciences

基　　金：古文字与中华文明传承发展工程规划项目“北京大学藏秦汉简牍整理与研究”(项目编号:G1404)。

摘　　要：北大秦简《病方》等新材料的公布,使秦汉病方类古书的发展线索更为明晰。秦代病方往往没有目录,内容构成相对驳杂。西汉病方常附有以病名分类的目录,正文抄写格式与目录配合。秦代病方中常见的家畜方在西汉初年已经消失,祝由方也在西汉中期以后逐渐边缘化。秦代病方中的祝由方所涉对象广泛,病方因此与其他类型的数术文本边界模糊。西汉以来,祝由方成为与药石对举的治疗人类疾病的方式,病方类古书与其他数术文本的边界也随之变得清晰。从秦到两汉之际,病方从内容、结构到体例逐渐定型,其形态更近于后代的医方。The publication of newly unearthed texts,such as the bamboo slips of Peking University Bing Fang(病方,Recipes for Ailments),has made the evolution of“recipes for ailments”or bing fang clearer.First,in the Qin Dynasty,“recipes for ailments”often had no catalogs,and their contents were relatively heterogeneous.In the Western Han Dynasty,recipes for ailments were commonly categorized by the name of the disease in the table of contents,and the format of the main text was in line with the table of contents.At the same time,the recipes for livestock,which were common in the Qin,disappeared in the early years of the Western Han,and zhuyou(祝由,incantations for expulsion)recipes were gradually marginalized after the middle of the Western Han Dynasty.Subsequently,in the Western Han Dynasty,the meaning of“zhuyou recipes”was narrowed to the way of dealing with human diseases in contrast to medical treatments,with the boundary between“recipes for ailments”and other occult texts becoming clearer.In conclusion,recipes for ailments as a classification of book gradually formed from content to structure from the Qin to late Western Han.

关 键 词：北大秦简 病方 祝由 

分 类 号：N092[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]