夹钢制作工艺初探  

The Traditional Craftsmanship of the Laminated Steel Sword

作　　者：吴伟 李晓岑[3] 李硕阳 WU Wei;LI Xiaocen;LI Shuoyang(Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science&Technology,University of Science&Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China;School of Materials Science and Engineering,North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering,Langfang 065000,Hebei,China;Research Base for Scientific Cognition and Protection of Cultural Heritage,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing 210044,China)

机构地区：[1]北京科技大学科技史与文化遗产研究院,北京100083 [2]北华航天工业学院材料工程学院,廊坊065000 [3]南京信息工程大学文化遗产科学认知与保护研究基地,南京210044

出　　处：《自然科学史研究》2024年第1期48-61,共14页Studies in The History of Natural Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金“明清西南矿冶技术研究”(项目编号:51861135307);河北省高等学校科学研究项目“中国钢铁刀剑技术史研究”(项目编号:SQ2024286)。

摘　　要：本文梳理了与夹钢工艺有关的文献史料和考古成果,总结了中国古代夹钢制品的金相特点并对焊药进行了探讨,认为夹钢起源于汉魏时期,锻焊所用的焊药为黄泥或陈久壁土。通过对阿昌族“户撒刀”的工艺调查及样品分析,本文又侧重研究了夹钢界面、焊药及夹钢刀的性能。研究表明:夹钢户撒刀淬火后的两侧组织为铁素体和珠光体,心部夹钢层的组织为回火马氏体,界面达到了冶金结合,自回火过程减小了淬火后界面的开裂倾向。夹杂物的能谱分析表明含有SiO 2的砂土焊药,在高温下与锻接表面的氧化铁形成低熔点的液态硅酸盐,起到了造渣作用。显微硬度测试结果为心部平均硬度800HV,两侧平均硬度为350HV,表明夹钢户撒刀达到了刚柔相济的性能。This article summarizes relevant literature and archaeological discoveries related to the technique of laminated steel,along with the metallurgical characteristics of laminated steel products and solder in pre-modern China.The authors conclude that the laminated steel technique originated in the Han-Wei period,and that the solder used for the forge welding was either yellow mud or old clay.Through an investigation and analysis of Husa(户撒)blades from the Achang(阿昌)ethnic group,the authors focus on the difficulties in interface bonding and the soldering mechanisms and properties.Their microstructures show that the two sides of the Husa blade were ferrite and pearlite,and the middle layer was tempered martensite.Furthermore,the interfaces between these layers achieve metallurgical bonding,and the self-tempering process reduces the tendency for cracking at the interfaces after quenching.Energy spectrum analysis of the inclusions showed that the sandy clay solder with SiO 2 components reacts with the iron oxide on the surface and produces liquid silicate with a low melting point,which played the role of slag making.Results show an average hardness of 800 HV at the core and 350 HV at both sides,indicating that the laminated steel Husa blades achieved the desired performance of strength and toughness.

关 键 词：户撒刀 夹钢 界面 焊药 淬火 

分 类 号：N092[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]